Passive, active, and digital filter

Passive, Active,

and Digital

Filters

The Circuits and Filters

Handbook

Third Edition

Fundamentals of Circuits and Filters

Feedback, Nonlinear, and Distributed Circuits

Analog and VLSI Circuits

Computer Aided Design and Design Automation

Passive, Active, and Digital Filters

Edited by

Wai-Kai Chen

Edited by

Wai-Kai Chen

University of Illinois

Chicago, U. S. A.

The Circuits and Filters Handbook

Third Edition

Passive, Active,

and Digital

Filters

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5885-7 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been

made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid￾ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright

holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this

form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may

rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti￾lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy￾ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the

publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://

www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,

978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga￾nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for

identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Passive, active, and digital filters / edited by Wai-Kai Chen.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-5885-7

ISBN-10: 1-4200-5885-1

1. Electric filters, Digital. 2. Electric filters, Passive. 3. Electric filters, Active. I. Chen, Wai-Kai,

1936- II. Title.

TK7872.F5P375 2009

621.3815’324--dc22 2008048117

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................................................... ix

Editor-in-Chief .................................................................................................................................... xi

Contributors ...................................................................................................................................... xiii

SECTION I Passive Filters

1 General Characteristics of Filters ...................................................................................... 1-1

Andreas Antoniou

2 Approximation ....................................................................................................................... 2-1

Artice M. Davis

3 Frequency Transformations ................................................................................................ 3-1

Jaime Ramirez-Angulo

4 Sensitivity and Selectivity .................................................................................................... 4-1

Igor M. Filanovsky

5 Passive Immittances and Positive-Real Functions ......................................................... 5-1

Wai-Kai Chen

6 Passive Cascade Synthesis ................................................................................................... 6-1

Wai-Kai Chen

7 Synthesis of LCM and RC One-Port Networks ............................................................. 7-1

Wai-Kai Chen

8 Two-Part Synthesis by Ladder Development ................................................................. 8-1

Wai-Kai Chen

9 Design of Resistively Terminated Networks ................................................................... 9-1

Wai-Kai Chen

10 Design of Broadband Matching Networks .................................................................... 10-1

Wai-Kai Chen

v

SECTION II Active Filters

11 Low-Gain Active Filters ..................................................................................................... 11-1

Phillip E. Allen, Benjamin J. Blalock, and Stephen W. Milam

12 Single-Amplifier Multiple-Feedback Filters .................................................................. 12-1

F. William Stephenson

13 Multiple-Amplifier Biquads .............................................................................................. 13-1

Norbert J. Fliege

14 The Current Generalized Immittance Converter Biquads ........................................ 14-1

Wasfy B. Mikhael

15 High-Order Filters .............................................................................................................. 15-1

Rolf Schaumann

16 Continuous-Time Integrated Filters ............................................................................... 16-1

Rolf Schaumann

17 Switched-Capacitor Filters ................................................................................................ 17-1

Jose Silva-Martinez and Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio

SECTION III Digital Filters

18 FIR Filters ............................................................................................................................. 18-1

M. H. Er, Andreas Antoniou, Yong Ching Lim, and Tapio Saramäki

19 IIR Filters .............................................................................................................................. 19-1

Sawasd Tantaratana, Chalie Charoenlarpnopparut,

Phakphoom Boonyanant, and Yong Ching Lim

20 Finite Wordlength Effects ................................................................................................. 20-1

Bruce W. Bomar

21 VLSI Implementation of Digital Filters ......................................................................... 21-1

Joseph B. Evans and Timothy R. Newman

22 Two-Dimensional FIR Filters ........................................................................................... 22-1

Rashid Ansari and A. Enis Cetin

23 Two-Dimensional IIR Filters ............................................................................................ 23-1

A. G. Constantinides and Xiaojian Xu

24 1-D Multirate Filter Banks ................................................................................................ 24-1

Nick G. Kingsbury and David B. H. Tay

25 Directional Filter Banks ..................................................................................................... 25-1

Jose Gerardo Rosiles and Mark J. T. Smith

26 Nonlinear Filtering Using Statistical Signal Models ................................................... 26-1

Kenneth E. Barner, Tuncer C. Aysal, and Gonzalo R. Arce

vi Contents

27 Nonlinear Filtering for Image Denoising ...................................................................... 27-1

Nasir M. Rajpoot, Zhen Yao, and Roland G. Wilson

28 Video Demosaicking Filters .............................................................................................. 28-1

Bahadir K. Gunturk and Yucel Altunbasak

Index ................................................................................................................................................IN-1

Contents vii

Preface

As circuit complexity continues to increase, the microelectronic industry must possess the ability to

quickly adapt to the market changes and new technology through automation and simulations. The

purpose of this book is to provide in a single volume a comprehensive reference work covering the broad

spectrum of filter design from passive, active, to digital. The book is written and developed for the

practicing electrical engineers and computer scientists in industry, government, and academia. The goal

is to provide the most up-to-date information in the field.

Over the years, the fundamentals of the field have evolved to include a wide range of topics and a broad

range of practice. To encompass such a wide range of knowledge, this book focuses on the key concepts,

models, and equations that enable the design engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of

large-scale systems that employ various types of filters. While design formulas and tables are listed,

emphasis is placed on the key concepts and theories underlying the processes.

This book stresses fundamental theory behind professional applications and uses several examples to

reinforce this point. Extensive development of theory and details of proofs have been omitted. The reader

is assumed to have a certain degree of sophistication and experience. However, brief reviews of theories,

principles, and mathematics of some subject areas are given. These reviews have been done concisely with

perception.

The compilation of this book would not have been possible without the dedication and efforts of

Professor Rashid Ansari and Dr. A. Enis Cetin, and most of all the contributing authors. I wish to thank

them all.

Wai-Kai Chen

ix

Editor-in-Chief

Wai-Kai Chen is a professor and head emeritus of the Department

of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of

Illinois at Chicago. He received his BS and MS in electrical engin￾eering at Ohio University, where he was later recognized as a

distinguished professor. He earned his PhD in electrical engineering

at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Professor Chen has extensive experience in education and indus￾try and is very active professionally in the fields of circuits and

systems. He has served as a visiting professor at Purdue University,

the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Chuo University in Tokyo,

Japan. He was the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on

Circuits and Systems, Series I and II, the president of the IEEE

Circuits and Systems Society, and is the founding editor and the

editor-in-chief of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers.

He received the Lester R. Ford Award from the Mathematical

Association of America; the Alexander von Humboldt Award from Germany; the JSPS Fellowship

Award from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the National Taipei University of Science

and Technology Distinguished Alumnus Award; the Ohio University Alumni Medal of Merit for

Distinguished Achievement in Engineering Education; the Senior University Scholar Award and the

2000 Faculty Research Award from the University of Illinois at Chicago; and the Distinguished Alumnus

Award from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is the recipient of the Golden Jubilee

Medal, the Education Award, and the Meritorious Service Award from the IEEE Circuits and Systems

Society, and the Third Millennium Medal from the IEEE. He has also received more than a dozen

honorary professorship awards from major institutions in Taiwan and China.

A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the American Association

for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Professor Chen is widely known in the profession for the

following works: Applied Graph Theory (North-Holland), Theory and Design of Broadband Matching

Networks (Pergamon Press), Active Network and Feedback Amplifier Theory (McGraw-Hill), Linear

Networks and Systems (Brooks=Cole), Passive and Active Filters: Theory and Implements (John Wiley),

Theory of Nets: Flows in Networks (Wiley-Interscience), The Electrical Engineering Handbook (Academic

Press), and The VLSI Handbook (CRC Press).

xi

Contributors

Phillip E. Allen

School of Electrical Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

Yucel Altunbasak

School of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, Georgia

Rashid Ansari

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

Andreas Antoniou

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

University of Victoria

Victoria, British Columbia,

Canada

Gonzalo R. Arce

Electrical and Computer

Engineering Department

University of Delaware

Newark, Delaware

Tuncer C. Aysal

School of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Cornell University

Ithaca, New York

Kenneth E. Barner

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

University of Delaware

Newark, Delaware

Benjamin J. Blalock

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer

Science

The University of Tennessee

Knoxville, Tennessee

Bruce W. Bomar

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

The University of Tennessee

Space Institute

Tullahoma, Tennessee

Phakphoom Boonyanant

National Electronics and

Computer Technology Center

Pathumthani, Thailand

A. Enis Cetin

Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering

Bilkent University

Ankara, Turkey

Chalie Charoenlarpnopparut

Sirindhorn International

Institute of Technology

Thammasat University

Pathumthani, Thailand

Wai-Kai Chen

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at

Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

A. G. Constantinides

Department of Electrical

and Electronic

Engineering

Imperial College of Science,

Technology and Medicine

London, England

Artice M. Davis

Department of Electrical

Engineering

San Jose State University

San Jose, California

M. H. Er

School of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering

Nanyang Technological

University

Singapore

Joseph B. Evans

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer

Science

University of Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas

xiii

Igor M. Filanovsky

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer

Technology

University of Alberta

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Norbert J. Fliege

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer

Engineering

University of Mannheim

Mannheim, Germany

Bahadir K. Gunturk

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Nick G. Kingsbury

Department of Engineering

Trinity College

University of Cambridge

Cambridge, United Kingdom

Yong Ching Lim

School of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering

Nanyang Technological

University

Singapore

Wasfy B. Mikhael

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer

Science

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

Stephen W. Milam

RF Micro-Devices

Greensboro, North Carolina

Timothy R. Newman

Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer

Science

University of Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas

Nasir M. Rajpoot

Department of Computer

Science

University of Warwick

Coventry, United Kingdom

Jaime Ramirez-Angulo

Klipsch School of Electrical

and Computer

Engineering

New Mexico State University

Las Cruces, New Mexico

Jose Gerardo Rosiles

Electrical and Computer

Engineering Department

The University of Texas at

El Paso

El Paso, Texas

Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio

Department of Electrical

and Computer Engineering

Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas

Tapio Saramäki

Institute of Signal Processing

Tampere University

of Technology

Tampere, Finland

Rolf Schaumann

Department of Electrical

Engineering

Portland State University

Portland, Oregon

Jose Silva-Martinez

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas

Mark J. T. Smith

School of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

F. William Stephenson

Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering

Virginia Polytechnic Institute

and State University

Blacksburg, Virginia

Sawasd Tantaratana

Sirindhorn International

Institute of Technology

Thammasat University

Pathumthani, Thailand

David B. H. Tay

Department of Electronic

Engineering

Latrobe University

Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

Roland G. Wilson

Department of Computer

Science

University of Warwick

Coventry, United Kingdom

Xiaojian Xu

School of Electronic and

Information Engineering

Beihang University

Beijing, China

Zhen Yao

Department of Computer

Science

University of Warwick

Coventry, United Kingdom

xiv Contributors