Optical fiber communications

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P h y sic a l C o n s ta n ts a n d U n its

Constant Symbol Value (mks units)

Speed of light in vacuum c 2.99793 X 10® m/s

Electron charge q 1.60218 X 10-'’ c

Planck’s constant h 6.6256 X 10‘” J s

Boltzmann’s constant kg 1.38054 X 10-23 J/K

kgT/q atT = 300 K 0.02586 eV

Permittivity of free space 8.8542 X 10-'^ F/m

Permeability of free space ^0 4;rx lO-’ N/A^

Electron volt eV 1 eV= 1.60218 X 10-'’ J

Angstrom unit Ả 1 A= lQ-^/jm = 10"* cm

Base of natural logarithm e 2.71828

Pi n 3.14159

Optical Fiber Communications

------ Fourth Edition------ I

Fourth Edition

Gerd Reiser

National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

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OPTICAL FIBER COM M UNICATIONS, FOURTH EDITION

Published by M cGraw-Hill, a business unit o f The M cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue o f the Americas,

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Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Keiser, Gerd.

Optical fiber communications/Gerd Keiser.— 4th ed.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-07-338071-1 (alk. paper)

1. Optical communications. 2. Fiber optics. 1. Title.

TK5103.59.K44 2011

621.382'75— dc22

2010023150

To

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G erd Reiser is a National Science Council Chair Professor in the Department of Electronic Engineering

at the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. His teaching and research interests include

photonic component development, telecom optical transmission systems, fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP)

networks, intelligent-building and smart-home networks, and biomedical photonics. In addition, he is

the founder and principal consultant at PhotonicsComm Solutions, a firm specializing in consulting and

education for the optical communications industry. Previously he worked at Honeywell, GTE, and General

Dynamics in the development and application of optical network and digital switch technologies. His

technical achievements at GTE earned him the prestigious Leslie Warner Award. As an outside activity, he

was an adjunct professor at Northeastern University, Tufts University, and Boston University. Dr. Reiser

is a Fellow of the IEEE, a member of OSA and SPIE, an associate editor of the journal Optica! Fiber

Technology, and the author of four graduate-level books.

C h a p te r 1 O verview o f O ptical F ib er C o m m u n ic a tio n s

C h a p te r 2 O ptical F ibers: S ư u c tu re s , W aveguidm g, a n d F a b ric a tio n

C h a p te r 3 A tte n u a tio n a n d D isp ersio n

C h a p te r 4 O p tical S o u rc e s

C h a p te r 5 Pow er L a u n c h m g a n d C oupling

C h a p te r 6 P h o to d etecto rs

C h a p te r 7 O p tical R eceiver O p eratio n

C h a p te r 8 D igital L inks

C h a p te r 9 A nalog L inks

C h a p te r 10 W DM C o n c ep ts a n d C o m p o n en ts

C h a p te r 11 O p tical A m plifiers

C h a p te r 12 N o n lin ear E ffects

C h a p te r 13 O p tical N etw orks

C h a p te r 14 P erfo rm a n c e M e a su re m e n t a n d M onitoring

A ppendixes

Index

P reface xxii

A c k n o w le d g m e n ts xxuil

Overview o f O ptical Fiber C om m unications 1

1.1 M o tiv atio n s for Lightw ave C o m m u n lcaU o n s 2

1.1.1 T h e P a th to O ptical N etw orks 2

1.1.2 A d v an tag es of O ptical F ib ers 5

1.2 O p tical S p e c tra l B a n d s 5

1.2.1 E le ctro m ag n etic E n ergy 5

1 .2 .2 W indow s a n d S p e c tra l B a n d s 8

1.3 D ecibel U n its 9

1.4 N etw ork In fo rm atio n R a te s 12

1.4.1 T elecom S ignal M ultiplexing 12

1.4 .2 SONEXr/SDH M ultiplexing H ierarch y 13

1.5 W DM C o n c e p ts 15

1.6 Key E le m e n ts of OpU cal F ib er S y ste m s 15

1.7 S ta n d a r d s for O ptical F ib er C o m m u n ic a tio n s 19

1.8 M odeling a n d S lm ulaU on Tools 2 0

1.8.1 S im u la tio n Tool C h a ra c te ristic s 2 0

1 .8.2 G ra p h ic a l P ro g ram m in g 21

1.8.3 E x am p le P ro g ram s for S tu d e n t U se 2 3

P roblem s 2 3

R eferen ce s 2 4

O ptical Fibers: Structures, W aveguiding, and Fabrication 27

2.1 T h e N a tu re o f L ight 2 7

2 .1 .1 L in ear P olarizatio n 2 8

2 .1 .2 E lliptical a n d C irc u la r P o larization 31

2 .1 .3 T h e Q u a n tu m N a tu re of L ight 3 3

2 .2 B asic O p tical Law s a n d D efinitions 3 3

2.2 .1 R efractive Index 3 3

2 .2 .2 R eflection a n d R efraction 3 4

Contents

2 .2 .3 P olarization C o m p o n en ts o f L ight 3 6

2 .2 .4 P olarization-S ensitive M aterials 3 8

2.3 O ptical F iber M odes a n d C onfigurations 39

2.3.1 F ib er T ypes 40

2 .3 .2 íỉay s a n d M odes 42

2 .3 .3 S tep-In d ex F ib er s tr u c tu r e 43

2 .3 .4 Ray O ptics R e p resen tatio n 43

2 .3 .5 W ave R e p resen tatio n in a D ielectric S lab W aveguide 45

2 .4 M ode T heoiy for C ircu lar W aveguides 4 7

2.4.1 Overview of M odes 48

2 .4 .2 S u m m ary of Key M odal C on cep ts 49

2 .4 .3 M axw ell's E quations* 51

2 .4 .4 W aveguide E quations* 52

2 .4 .5 W ave E q u a tio n s for S tep-In d ex Fibers* 54

2 .4 .6 M odal E quation* 55

2 .4 .7 M odes in S tep-In d ex Fibers* 5 7

2 .4 .8 L inearly Polarized Modes* 60

2.4 .9 Power Flow in Step-Index Fibers* 63

2 .5 Slngle-M ode F ibers 65

2.5.1 C o n stru c tio n 65

2.5 .2 M ode-Field D iam eter 65

2 .5 .3 P ropagation M odes in Single-M ode F ibers 67

2.6 G raded-Index F iber s tr u c tu r e 68

2 .7 F iber M aterials 70

2.7.1 G lass F ibers 70

2.7 .2 Active G lass F ibers 71

2.7 .3 P lastic O ptical F ibers 71

2 .8 P hotonic C iy stal F ibers 72

2.8.1 Index-G uiding PCF 72

2 .8 .2 P hotonic B andgap F iber 73

2.9 F iber F abrication 74

2.9.1 O u tsid e V ap or-P hase O xidation 75

2.9 .2 V ap or-P hase Axial D eposition 75

2.9 .3 Modified C hem ical V apor D eposition 76

2.9 .4 Plasm a-A ctivated C hem ical V apor D eposition 76

2 .9 .5 Photonic C rystal F iber F ab ricatio n 77

2 .1 0 M ech an ical P ro p e rtie s of F ib ers 78

2 .1 1 F ib er O p tic C a b le s 8 2

2 .1 1 .1 C able S tru c tu re s 8 3

2 .1 1 .2 In d o o r C ab le D esig n s 8 4

2 .1 1 .3 O u td o o r C ab les 8 6

2 .1 2 C able In sta lla tio n M etJiods 8 7

2 .1 2 .1 D irect-B u rial In stallaU o n s 8 7

2 .1 2 .2 P ulling C able Into D u c ts 8 8

2 .1 2 .3 C ab le J e ttin g In sta lla tio n 8 9

2 .1 2 .4 A erial In sta lla tio n 9 0

2 .1 2 .5 U n d e rw a te r In sta lla tio n 91

2 .1 2 .6 In d u s try In sta lla tio n S ta n d a rd s 92

P roblem s 93

R eferen ce s 9 6

3 A ttenu ation and D ispersion 102

3.1 A tte n u a tio n 102

3 .1 .1 A tte n u a tio n U n its 103

3 .1 .2 A b so rp tio n 104

3 .1 .3 S c a tte rin g L o sses 108

3 .1 .4 B en d in g L osses 111

3 .1 .5 C ore a n d C lad d in g L osses 113

3 .2 S ig n al D isp e rsio n in F ib ers 114

3 .2 .1 O verview of D isp e rsio n O rigins 114

3 .2 .2 M odal D elay 116

3 .2 .3 F a c to rs C o n trib u tin g to D isp e rsio n 118

3 .2 .4 G ro u p D elay 119

3 .2 .5 M aterial D isp e rsio n 121

3 .2 .6 W aveguide D isp e rsio n 123

3 .2 .7 D isp e rsio n in Single-M ode F ib ers 124

3 .2 .8 P olarization-M ode D isp e rsio n 126

3 .3 C h a ra c te ris tic s of Sm gle-M ode F ib ers 128

3 .3 .1 R efractive-Index Profiles 128

3 .3 .2 C u to ff W avelength 130

3 .3 .3 D isp e rsio n C a lc u la tio n s 132

3 .3 .4 M ode-Field D iam eter 135

3 .3 .5 B en d in g Loss 135

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