Operation of municipal wastewater treatment plants - Vol 2

WEFPRESS '

For the Water Quality Professional

Water Environment

Federation

Preserving c- Enhancing

Operatio n o f

Treatmen t Plant s

Volum e II: Liqui d Processe s

SIXTH EDITION

Wate r Environmen t Federation (WEF* )

MANUA L O F PRACTIC E No . 1 1

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OPERATIO N O F

MUNICIPA L WASTEWATE R

TREATMEN T PLANT S

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Volume s i n Manua l o f Practice No . 11

Volume I Management and Support Systems

Chapters 1-16

Volume II Liquid Processes

Chapters 17-26

Volume III Solids Processes

Chapters 27-33

Symbols and Acronyms

Glossary

Conversion Factors

Index

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OPERATIO N O F

MUNICIPA L WASTEWATE R

TREATMEN T PLANT S

Manua l o f Practic e No . 1 1

Sixt h Editio n

Volume II Liquid Processes

Prepared by

Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force

of the Water Environment Federation

^TIQCTmrNGUYEN

TRUNGTAM HOC LIEU

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Graw

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Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, Volume II

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IMPORTANT NOTICE

The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generally recognized

engineering principles and practices and is for general information only. This information should not

be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or spe￾cific application.

The contents of this publication are not intended to be a standard of the Water Environment

Federation (WEF) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts,

regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.

No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service

constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by WEF.

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Task Force

Prepared by the Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Task Force of

the Water Environment Federation

Michael D. Nelson, Chair

Douglas R. Abbott Gene Emanuel

George Abbott Zeynep K. Erdal, Ph.D., P.E.

Mohammad Abu-Orf Charles A. Fagan, II, P.E.

Howard Analla Joanne Fagan

Thomas E. Am Dean D. Falkner

Richard G. Atoulikian, PMP, P.E. Charles G. Farley

John F. Austin, P.E. Richard E. Finger

Elena Bailey, M.S., P.E. Alvin C. Firmin

Frank D. Barosky Paul E. Fitzgibbons, Ph.D.

Zafar I. Bhatti, Ph.D., P. Eng. David A. Flowers

John Boyle John J. Fortin, P.E.

William C. Boyle Donald M. Gabb

John Bratby, Ph.D., P.E. Mark Gehring

Lawrence H. Breimhurst, P.E. Louis R. Germanotta, P.E.

C. Michael Bullard, P.E. Alicia D. Gilley, P.E.

Roger J. Byrne Charlene K. Givens

Joseph P. Cacciatore Fred G. Haffty, Jr.

William L. Cairns Dorian Harrison

Alan J. Callier John R. Harrison

Lynne E. Chicoine Carl R. Hendrickson

James H. Clifton Webster Hoener

Paul W. Clinebell Brian Hystad

G. Michael Coley, P.E. Norman Jadczak

Kathleen M. Cook Jain S. Jain, Ph.D., P.E.

James L. Daugherty Samuel S. Jeyanayagam, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE

Viraj de Silva, P.E., DEE, Ph.D. Bruce M. Johnston

Lewis Debevec John C. Kabouris

Richard A. DiMenna Sandeep Karkal

John Donnellon Gregory M. Kemp, P.E.

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Justyna Kempa-Teper

Salil M. Kharkar, P.E.

Farzin Kiani, P.E., DEE

Thomas P. Krueger, P.E.

Peter L. LaMontagne, P.E.

Wayne Laraway

Jong Soull Lee

Kurt V. Leininger, P.E.

Anmin Liu

Chung-Lyu Liu

Jorj A. Long

Thomas Mangione

James J. Marx

Volker Masemann, P. Eng.

David M. Mason

Russell E. Mau, Ph.D., P.E.

Debra McCarty

William R. McKeon, P.E.

John L. Meader, P.E.

Amanda Meitz

Roger A. Migchelbrink

Darrell Milligan

Robert Moser, P.E.

Alie Muneer

B. Narayanan

Vincent L. Nazareth, P. Eng.

Keavin L. Nelson, P.E.

Gary Neun

Daniel A. Nolasco, M. Eng., M. Sc., P.

Charles Norkis

Robert L. Oerther

Jesse Pagliaro

Philip Pantaleo

Barbara Paxton

William J. Perley

Under the direction of the MOP 11 Subcommittee

Beth Petrillo

Jim Poff

John R. Porter, P.E.

Keith A. Radick

John C Rafter, Jr., P.E., DEE

Greg Ramon

Ed Ratledge

Melanie Rettie

Kim R. Riddell

Joel C Rife

Jim Rowan

Hari Santha

Fernando Sarmiento, P.E.

Patricia Scanlan

George R. Schillinger, P.E., DEE

Kenneth Schnaars

Ralph B. (Rusty) Schroedel, Jr., P.E., BCEE

Pam Schweitzer

Reza Shamskhorzani, Ph.D.

Carole A. Shanahan

Andrew Shaw

Timothy H. Sullivan, P.E.

Michael W. Sweeney, Ph.D., P.E.

Chi-Chung Tang, P.E., DEE, Ph.D.

Prakasam Tata, Ph.D., QEP

Gordon Thompson, P. Eng.

Holly Tryon

Steve Walker

Eng. Cindy L. Wallis-Lage

Martin Weiss

Gregory B. White, P.E.

George Wilson

Willis J. Wilson

Usama E. Zaher, Ph.D.

Peter D. Zanoni

)f the Technical Practice Committee

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Water Environment Federation

Improving Water Quality for 75 Years

Founded in 1928, the Water Environment Federation (WEF) is a not-for-profit technical

and educational organization with members from varied disciplines who work toward

the WEF vision of preservation and enhancement of the global water environment. The

WEF network includes water quality professionals from 79 Member Associations in

more than 30 countries.

For information on membership, publications, and conferences, contact

Water Environment Federation

601 Wythe Street

Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 USA

(703) 684-2400

http: / / www.wef.org

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Content s

Volume I : Management and Support Systems

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Permit Compliance and Wastewater Treatment

Systems

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Management

Chapter 4 Industrial Wastes and Pretreatment

Chapter 5 Safety

Chapter 6 Management Information Systems—

Reports and Records

Chapter 7 Process Instrumentation

Chapter 8 Pumping of Wastewater and Sludge

Chapter 9 Chemical Storage, Handling, and Feeding

Chapter 10 Electrical Distribution Systems

Chapter 11 Utilities

Chapters 11, 23, and 32 were not updated for this edition of MOP 11. Chapters 11, 23, and 32 in￾cluded herein are taken from the 5th edition of the manual, which was published in 1996.

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Chapter 12 Maintenance

Chapter 13 Odor Control

Chapter 14 Integrated Process Management

Chapter 15 Outsourced Operations Services and

Public /Private Partnerships

Chapter 16 Training

Volume II : Liquid Processes

Chapter 17 Characterization and Sampling of Wastewater

Chapter 18 Preliminary Treatment

Chapter 19 Primary Treatment

Chapter 20 Activated Sludge

Chapter 21 Trickling Filters, Rotating Biological Contactors,

and Combined Processes

Chapter 22 Biological Nutrient Removal Processes

Chapter 23 Natural Biological Processes

Chapter 24 Physical-Chemical Treatment

Chapter 25 Process Performance Improvements

Chapter 26 Effluent Disinfection

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Volume III : Solids Processes

Chapter 27 Management of Solids

Chapter 28 Characterization and Sampling of

Sludges and Residuals

Chapter 29 Thickening

Chapter 30 Anaerobic Digestion

Chapter 31 Aerobic Digestion

Chapter 32 Additional Stabilization Methods

Chapter 33 Dewatering

Symbols and Acronyms

Glossary

Conversion Factors

Index

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Manuals of Practice of the Water Environment Federation

The WEF Technical Practice Committee (formerly the Committee on Sewage and

Industrial Wastes Practice of the Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associa￾tions) was created by the Federation Board of Control on October 11,1941. The primary

function of the Committee is to originate and produce, through appropriate subcom￾mittees, special publications dealing with technical aspects of the broad interests of the

Federation. These publications are intended to provide background information

through a review of technical practices and detailed procedures that research and ex￾perience have shown to be functional and practical.

Water Environment Federation Technical Practice

Committee Control Group

B. G. Jones, Chair

J. A. Brown, Vice-Chair

S. Biesterfeld-Innerebner

R. Fernandez

S. S. Jeyanayagam

Z. Li

M. D. Nelson

S. Rangarajan

E. P. Rothstein

A. T. Sandy

A. K. Umble

T. O. Williams

J. Witherspoon

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Acknowledgment s

This manual was produced under the direction of Michael D. Nelson, Chair.

The principal authors and the chapters for which they were responsible are

George Abbott (2)

Thomas P. Krueger, P.E. (2)

Thomas E. Am (3)

Greg Ramon (3)

Gregory M. Kemp (4)

Roger A. Migchelbrink (5)

Melanie Rettie (6)

Michael W. Sweeney, Ph.D., P.E. (6)

David Olson (7)

Russell E. Mau, Ph.D., P.E. (8)

Peter Zanoni (9)

Louis R. Germanotta, P.E. (10)

Norman Jadczak (10)

James Kelly (11)

Richard Sutton, P.E. (12)

Alicia D. Gilley, P.E. (13)

Jorj Long (14)

Keavin L. Nelson, P.E. (15)

Ed Ratledge (16)

Kathleen M. Cook (17)

Frank D. Barosky (17)

Jerry C. Bish, P.E., DEE (18)

Ken Schnaars (19)

Donald J. Thiel (20, Section One)

William C. Boyle (20, Section Two)

Donald M. Gabb (20, Section Three)

Samuel S. Jeyanayagam (20, Section

Four)

Kenneth Schnaars (20, Section Five)

Alan J. Callier (20, Section Six)

Jorj Long (20, Appendices)

Howard Analla (21)

John R. Harrison (22)

Anthony Bouchard (23)

Sandeep Karkal, P.E. (24)

Daniel A. Nolasco, M. Eng., M. Sc.,

P. Eng. (25)

Donald F. Cuthbert, P.E., MSEE (26)

Carole A. Shanahan (27)

Kim R. Riddell (28)

Peter L. LaMontagne, P.E. (29)

Patricia Scanlan (30)

Webster Hoener (30)

Gary Neun (30)

Jim Rowan (30)

Hari Santha (30)

Elena Bailey, M.S., P.E. (31)

Rhonda E. Harris (32)

Peter L. LaMontagne, P.E. (33)

Wayne Laraway (33)

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