NICKEL AND THE SKIN Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy pptx

NICKEL

AND THE SKIN

Absorption, Immunology,

Epidemiology, and Metallurgy

Published Titles:

Pesticide Dermatoses

Homero Penagos, Michael O’Malley, and Howard I. Maibach

Hand Eczema, Second Edition

Torkil Menné and Howard I. Maibach

Dermatologic Botany

Javier Avalos and Howard I. Maibach

Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function

Marie Loden and Howard I. Maibach

Skin Reactions to Drugs

Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, and Howard I. Maibach

Contact Urticaria Syndrome

Smita Amin, Arto Lahti, and Howard I. Maibach

Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Surface, Imaging, and Analysis

Klaus P. Wilhelm, Peter Elsner, Enzo Berardesca, and Howard I. Maibach

Bioengineering of the Skin: Methods and Instrumentation

Enzo Berardesca, Peter Elsner, Klaus P. Wilhelm, and Howard I. Maibach

Bioengineering of the Skin: Cutaneous Blood Flow and Erythema

Enzo Berardesca, Peter Elsner, and Howard I. Maibach

Bioengineering of the Skin: Water and the Stratum Corneum

Peter Elsner, Enzo Berardesca, and Howard I. Maibach

Human Papillomavirus Infections in Dermatovenereology

Gerd Gross and Geo von Krogh

The Irritant Contact Dermatitis Syndrome

Pieter van der Valk, Pieter Coenrads, and Howard I. Maibach

Dermatologic Research Techniques

Howard I. Maibach

Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Human Relevance

Hasan Mukhtar

Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Human Relevance

Hasan Mukhtar

Protective Gloves for Occupational Use

Gunh Mellström, J.E. Walhberg, and Howard I. Maibach

Pigmentation and Pigmentary Disorders

Norman Levine

Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology

Howard I. Maibach and Torkil Menné

Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics

Peter Elsner, Enzo Berardesca, Klaus-P. Wilhelm, and Howard I. Maibach

Nickel and the Skin: Absorption, Immunology, Epidemiology, and Metallurgy

Jurij J. Host´

yneck and Howard I. Maibach

DERMATOLOGY: CLINICAL & BASIC SCIENCE SERIES

Series Editor Howard I. Maibach, M.D.

DERMATOLOGY: CLINICAL & BASIC SCIENCE SERIES

Edited by

Jurij J. Hostynek ´

Howard I. Maibach

NICKEL

AND THE SKIN

Absorption, Immunology,

Epidemiology, and Metallurgy

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Chapter 3, “Oxidative Properties of the Skin: A Determinant for Nickel Diffusion,” and Chapter 6,

“Diagnostic Testing for Nickel Allergic Hypersensitivity: Patch Testing versus Lymphocyte Transforma￾tion Test,” were originally published in Exogenous Dermatology. With permission from S. Karger, Basel.

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material

is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable

efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot

assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic

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© 2002 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1072-5

Library of Congress Card Number 2002017440

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nickel and the skin : absorption, immunology, epidemiology, and metallurgy / edited by

Jurij J. Hostynek and Howard I. Maibach.

p. ; cm. -- (Dermatology : clinical & basic science series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-1072-5 (alk. paper)

1. Contact dermatitis. 2. Nickel--Toxicology. 3. Nickel--Immunology. I. Hostynek,

Jurij J. II. Maibach, Howard I. (Howard Ira) III. Dermatology (CRC Press)

[DNLM: 1. Dermatitis, Allergic Contact--etiology. 2. Nickel--adverse effects. 3.

Nickel--immunology. WR 175 N6317 2002]

RL244 .N534 2002

616.97′3--dc21 2002017440

Ad majorem Dei gloriam,

si hoc licet dicere in opusculo.

Series Preface

Our goal in creating the Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science Series is to present

the insights of experts on emerging applied and experimental techniques and theo￾retical concepts that are, or will be, at the vanguard of dermatology. These books

cover new and exciting multidisciplinary areas of cutaneous research; and we want

them to be the books every physician will use to become acquainted with new

methodologies in skin research. These books can be given to graduate students and

postdoctoral fellows when they are looking for guidance to start a new line of

research.

The series consists of books that are edited by experts and that consist of chapters

written by the leaders in a particular field. The books are richly illustrated and

contain comprehensive bibliographies. Each chapter provides substantial back￾ground material relevant to the particular subject. These books contain detailed

tricks of the trade and information regarding where the methods presented can be

safely applied. In addition, information on where to buy equipment and helpful

Web sites for solving both practical and theoretical problems are included.

We are working with these goals in mind. As the books become available, the

efforts put in by the publisher, book editors, and the individual authors will contribute

to the further development of dermatology research and clinical practice. The extent

to which we achieve this goal will be determined by the utility of these books.

Howard I. Maibach, M.D.

Preface

From the viewpoint of immunotoxicology, hazards associated with nickel primarily

derive from its type-IV immunogenic properties, as it consistently ranks as the

premier anthropogenic allergen among the general population in industrialized coun￾tries. Thus, immunology of nickel represents the major part of reviews addressing

human health aspects of the metal. A comprehensive discussion of nickel immu￾nology invariably presents a composite picture consisting of diverse environmental,

physiological, and chemical components, and in 1989 a first such mosaic was

composed by Maibach and Menné in their book, Nickel and the Skin: Immunology

and Toxicology, published by CRC Press.

Since then much insight was gained into diverse aspects of nickel’s action in

the human organism, mainly concerning the skin and the immune system, and a

synoptic presentation of the subject from a somewhat different viewpoint now

appears in order. Impetus for this new undertaking came from the Nickel Producers

Environmental Research Association (NiPERA), and for most of the chapters

Katherine Reagan, toxicologist in that organization, collaborated as author.

Subjects that are part of this review deal with the initial event of nickel-containing

objects coming in contact with the skin and the formation of soluble, skin-diffusible

salts, the phenomenon of skin penetration, induction and elicitation of allergic

reactions, diagnosis, tolerance, and epidemiology. The biochemistry of nickel inter￾acting with the organism is discussed by Baldassarré Santucci and collaborators,

who had investigated and discussed that aspect in several earlier publications.

Finally, the metallurgy of nickel and its interaction with other metals in alloys are

addressed by Messrs. Flint and Cutler of the Nickel Development Institute.

Partial support for the book project was provided by NiPERA.

Editors

Jurij J. , Ph.D., currently serves as president of Euromerican Technology

Resources, Inc., a Lafayette, California-based company that provides contract

research and consulting services to the chemical, personal-care, and health-care

industries. He is also an associate specialist at the University of California, San

Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine.

Dr. earned his Ph.D. in physical organic chemistry at the University

of Basel, Switzerland, and conducted postdoctoral research at the University of

California, Berkeley. He has published in the fields of physical organic chemistry,

toxicology, dermatology, immunology, quantitative structure activity relationships

(QSAR), and percutaneous absorption of organic and metallic compounds, and holds

U.S. patents in metallurgy, organic synthesis, and cell biology. His current fields

of research at UCSF include QSAR, skin permeation, and allergic sensitization

potential of chemicals.

Howard Maibach, M.D., is a professor of dermatology at the University of Cali￾fornia, San Francisco, and has been a leading contributor to experimental research

in dermatopharmacology, and to clinical research on contact dermatitis, contact

urticaria, and other skin conditions. His work on pesticides includes clinical research

on glyphosate, chlorothalonil, sodium hypochlorite, norflurazon, diethyl toluamide,

and isothiazolin compounds. His experimental work includes research on the local

lymph node assay, and the evaluation of the percutaneous absorption of atrazine,

boron-containing pesticides, phenoxy herbicides, acetochlor, glyphosate, and many

other compounds.

Hostynek ´

Hostynek ´

Contributors

Emanuela Camera

Polo Dermatologico IFO San Gallicano

Rome, Italy

C. Peter Cutler

Nickel Development Institute

The Holloway, Alvechurch

Birmingham, U.K.

G. Norman Flint

Nickel Development Institute

The Holloway, Alvechurch

Birmingham, U.K.

Jurij J.

Euromerican Technology Resources, Inc.

Lafayette, CA

and

UCSF School of Medicine

Department of Dermatology

San Francisco, CA

Howard I. Maibach

UCSF School of Medicine

Department of Dermatology

San Francisco, CA

Mauro Picardo

Polo Dermatologico IFO San Gallicano

Rome, Italy

Katherine E. Reagan

NiPERA

Durham, NC

Baldassarré Santucci

Polo Dermatologico IFO San Gallicano

Rome, Italy

Hostynek ´