Những điểm mới của chế định bảo đảm thực hiện nghĩa vụ của Bộ luật Dân sự năm 2015

^hi hinh phap, hiat sea (288)-2016

NHONG DIEM Mill CDA CHE DINH BAO BAM

THU; HIEN NGH'U HI CUA Bi LUAT DJiN $iniJiM 211!

I ThS. NGUYEN QUANG HlfONG TRA *

B

O luat Dan sy nam 2015 dugc Qudc hgi

thdng qua ngay 24/11/2015, cd hifu lyc

tiii hdnh kd tir ngay 01/01/2017 gdm

nhidu nOi dung ddi mdi, frong dd cd phan nOi dung

vd bao dam thyc hidn nghta vy dan sy. Nhin mdt

each tdng thi, nOi dung phan bdo dam thyc hifn

nghta vy dan sy cua BO lu|t Dan sy ndm 2015 da

tidm cgn t6t han vdi thdng le quoc te va ca bdn gidi

quyet dugc nhftng vudng mac, khd khan ttong thye

tidn ky kdt vd thyc hidn hgp dong bdo dam.

\. BO lu^t Ddn su nam 2015 lan dau tien ghi

nhdn vd thi hifn dugc m^t s6 gid tri c6t Idi cDa

ly thuyet vdt quy^n khi dilu chinh quan hf bdo

ddm thuc hign nghta vu dan su trong sy hai hda

hda vdi 1^ thuyet trai quyen

Bg lugt Dan su ndm 2005 tidp can bifn phap bdo

dam tfayc hidn nghia vy dya ttdn ndn tang ciia ly

thuydt ttai quyen. Thyc tidn cho tiiiy, each tidp cgn

quan hf bao dam thudn tuy theo ly thuyet trai quy^n

chua tiid gidi quyet duge tiift dd nhftng vudng mdc

phat sinh ttong qua ttmh xfl ly tai sdn bdo dam.

Theo quy djnh BO Iuat Dan sy ndm 2005, giao

dich bao dam chinh la can cfl dd bdn nhgn bao dam

tiiuc tfai quydn xfl ly tai sdn bdo dam^. Day chinh la

ydu td frai quydn cfla quan hf bdo ddm tiiyc hidn

nghia vy ddn sy. Cach tidp cgn nay lugn giai dugc

can cfl (co sd) dd bdn nhan bao ddm ed "quydn" vd

tiiyc thi "quyen" xu Iy ddi vdi tai sdn bao dam dd

chinh la hgp ddng bdo ddm. Vi tai sdn bdo ddm v6n

dt khdng thudc quyen sd hiiu cfla ben nhan bdo

dam, do do, vide thyc thi quydn xfl 1;^ tdi sdn bao

dam phdi dya ttdn thda thugn cua cac bdn tiong hgp

dong bdo dam da giao ket^.

Tuy nhidn, diem y^u cfla cdeh tidp e|n thuin tiiy

ttdi quyen ndy Id d eho, quydn xfl ly tdi san bao

ddm efla bdn nhgn bao dam chi dugc thyc hifn

thdng qua hanh vi thyc hidn nghia vy cfla bdn bao

dam theo hgp ddng bdo dam da giao kdt. Hay ndi

each khac, quydn xfl ly tai sdn bao dam cua ben

nhan bdo dam dugc thyc thi ttong su phy thufc vdo

y chi efla bdn bao dam (chfl sd hftu tdi sdn). Ben

nhdn bao dam khdng cd quyen "tryc tiep" mang

tinh chat "chi phdi" va "ngay tflc khac" ddi vdi tiii

sdn bdo dam. Trudng hgp bdn bao dam khdng thp

hien nghta vy da cam kdt thi bdn nhdn bdo dam chi

cd the khdi kidn ydu cau Tda an giai quyet (Dieu

721 BO ludt Dan sy ndm 2005).

Cach tidp can ndy da lam cho tiiu tyc xfl ly tdi

sdn bdo ddm phy thuOc qud nhidu vao y chi cua ben

bdo ddm (ehu sd hftu tdi sdn). Trong khi dd, xfl ly

tai sdn bao ddm din ddn sy djch chuydn quyen sd

huu tai sdn tfl bdn bdo dam sang ngudi mua hoac

bdn nhdn bdo ddm^. Do vgy, bdn bdo ddm tiiudng

cd thai dg thidu thifn chi, thgm chi la bit hgp tac,

chay y ttong vide chuyin giao tai sdn bdo dam cho

ben nhgn bdo dam dd xfl ly. Thyc td nay da lam cho

I Ddn ChO & Phdp lu$t " Cue Bang ky quoc gia giao dfch bdo ddm, Bg Tuphdp