New Developments in Marine Biotechnology

New Developments in

Marine Biotechnology

New Developments in

Marine Biotechnology

Edited by

Y. LeGal

National Museum of Natural History and

College of France

Concarneau, France

and

H. 0. Halvorson

University of Massachusetts

Boston, Massachusetts

With the editorial assistance of

Anne-Marie Lambert

Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

New developments 1n mar1ne biotechnology ' ed1ted by Y. LeGal and

H.O. Halvorson.

p. em.

"Proceedings of the 4th International Mar1ne B1otechnology

Conference. held September 22-29. 1997, 1n Sorrento. Paestum,

Oranto, and Pugnochtuso. Italy''--T.p. verso.

Includes bib11ographical references anc. 1ndex.

1. Marin~ flshes--Molecular aspects--Congresses. 2. Mar1ne

biotechnology--Congresses. 3. Fishery resources--Management-

-Congresses. I. LeGal, Yves. II. Halvorson. Harlyn D.

III. Internat1onal Marine Biotechnology Conference 14th 1997

Sorrento, Italy, etc.)

OL620.N49 1998

572.8'1177--dc21 98-24800

CIP

Proceedings of the 4th International Marine Biotechnology Conference,

held September 22-29, 1997, in Sorrento, Paestum, Otranto, and Pugnochiuso, Italy

ISBN 978-1-4419-3300-3

© 1998 Springer Science+ Business Media New York

Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998

http://www.plenum.com

10987654321

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,

without written permission from the Publisher

ISBN 978-1-4419-3300-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-5983-9 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5983-9

PREFACE

Past efforts to colonize the environment and domesticate living species, coupled

with scientific research, have resulted in the possession (but not always the real control)

by humans of any available terrestrial space. However, oceans, which represent up to two￾thirds of the surface of the planet, had not been really approached until the middle of this

century. As oceanographic science develops, the picture of a rich, diverse, complex and

also, in many respects, specific marine life, is coming into view.

In a broad sense, marine biotechnologies can be understood as the various means or

techniques of managing marine living systems for the benefit of mankind. The first goal

we have is for marine life to provide biomass for food. However, today it is not certain

that a significant increase of total world fisheries' catches will be possible in the future.

There are several ways to address this. First, we need to generate better, more complete, or

different uses of the biomass actually fished. This is mainly a matter of upgrading fish and

fish wastes. Second, we need to artificially grow the living species. This falls within the

scope of cell cultivation and of aquaculture. Both approaches have to be appreciated si￾multaneously in terms of biology, ecology, and economy. In both approaches, profit

improvements are linked to the introduction of biotechnological methods and to the use of

biotechnological processes.

The main characteristics of fished biomasses is that they still exist and are readily

available. They can be considered a huge reservoir of molecules: polysaccharides, en￾zymes, fats, etc., exhibiting physical, chemical, or biological activities of interest for vari￾ous purposes. The main problem (and it is not a minor one), in terms of techniques and

cost, is to isolate and purify these molecules. The second issue in biomass treatment is

mass cultivation of marine organisms. It is now clear that trying to reproduce biomass in￾tensively and artificially cannot easily yield profits, unless we use a series of biotech￾nological tricks that will permit a drastic lowering of the costs. During the last l 0 years,

another important problem has emerged. This is the spreading of pathogenic organisms in

overcrowded sea farms. Within a short period of time, sea farms could be almost com￾pletly destroyed by marine viruses, microorganisms, or parasites about which we have lit￾tle information.

Solutions to these problems represent real strategic tasks for the marine biotechnolo￾gists requiring basic research in developmental biology, genetics, gene enginering, endo￾crinology, pathology, and immunology of species as different as flatfish, salmon, shrimps,

abalone, among others.

Biodiversity is largely a reflection of the very specific aspects of marine life. An

early trend consisted of limiting the scope of marine biotechnologies to the production of

v

vi Preface

biological models that facilitate the study of general mechanisms. These studies feed our

knowledge and understanding of life that is built on an unique pattern. In contrast, they

also favor the exploitation of structural, developmental, and biochemical specificities.

Marine biotechnologies reveal their genuine potential in offering the investigation and ex￾ploitation of molecules and mechanisms for which we do not know of any terrestrial coun￾terparts. Marine biotechnology is by nature multidisciplinary and clearly incorporates new

technologies from molecular biology and chemical analysis to bioreactor technology.

Marine biotechnologies also deal with environmental management. The first step in

any kind of management involves a diagnosis of the condition of a systems. The past dec￾ade has been marked by considerable progress in using rapid and sensitive methods for

estimating biological responses to human-induced changes in the environment. Many of

these methods now use molecular probes, nucleic acids, immunoreagents, or enzymatic

biosensors that allow us to record efficiently a considerable number of data. A main prob￾lem is how to handle this huge quantity of information, to use it, and to forecast the evolu￾tionary trends of an estuary, a bay, a sea, or an ocean.

Finally, one of the most promising goals for marine biotechnologies will be the pos￾sibility of using sophisticated biological tools for managing marine ecosystems. Control￾ling natural production of useful species will be less costly than trying to rear completely

demanding species. Understanding the tenuousness of the relationship between planktonic

species and their environment will perhaps give us an insight on climatic changes and on

the biological future of the planet.

The domains covered by marine biotechnologies are vast and range over various

overlapping disciplines, from the molecular approaches of developmental biology and bio￾diversity to the chemistry of natural substances. New fields are rapidly evolving and are

helping to successively emphasize specific areas of biological sciences.

With its biphasic unfolding, the format of the fourth edition of International Marine

Biotechnology Conference (IMBC'97) was original and successful, as it enabled the pres￾entation of straightforward reports and constructive discussions.

With more than sixty selected papers organized in eight sections, this book covers

the present state of the art in marine biotechnologies.

HHand YLG

TRIBUTE TO NINO SALVATORE

The International Marine Biotechnology Conferences represent an assembly of inter￾disciplinary scientists and technologists with a common interest in Marine Science. Nino

Salvatore was one of these. He joined the IOC to plan for IMBC'94 in Tromsoe, Norway

and quickly demonstrated that he was one of those rare individuals in the scientific commu￾nity who made an almost instantaneous impression on any person fortunate enough to be

acquainted with him. His high standards and enthusiasm were widely felt-from the revital￾izing of the Stazione Zoologica in Naples, to science policy in the EU, to support for

biotechnology, developmental biology, and molecular biology. Prof. Salvatore was a strong

enthusiast for basic research and its application to solving problems of the day.

During the IMBC'94 meeting, the lack of an European organization to deal with in￾ternational and European collaboration became evident. Characteristically, Nino Salvatore

saw the need to establish such an organization. He organized an ad hoc meeting and a

decision was made to go ahead. The European Society for Marine Biotechnology was

formed, and its first President, Dr. Jan Olafsen, is a member of IOC and was our host in

Tromsoe for 1MBC'94.

When the decision was made to hold IMBC'97 in Italy, Dr. Salvatore applied his en￾ergy and enthusiam to its organization, financial support, and his wish to do something

different. An international program committee, chaired by Dr. Frank Gannon, developed a

program based on peer review of submitted abstracts. The mobility of the meeting is an

expression of Nino Salvatore's desire to have as many people and scenarios involved as

possible because of the diverse subject areas that need to be covered in biotechnology. If

people cannot come to the conference, the conference will visit them. He also had in mind

to permit as many of his countrymen to participate as possible while at the same time

broadening the picture of the scope of this interdisciplinary subject area in Italy in the

minds of foreign conference participants.

Science has lost a visionary person with a remarkable character. Individuals do make

a difference and Prof. Salvatore. He will be missed. The IMBC'97 is dedicated to him. We

seek your help in making this meeting a success and thereby honoring Gaetano Salvatore.

Harlyn 0. Halvorson

vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

High Patronage of the President of the Italian Republic

Under the aegis of the European Union

Under the auspices of

Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri

Ministero dell 'Universita e Della Ric ere a Scientifica e Tecnologica

Ministero dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali

Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche

Regione Campania

Regione Puglia

Amministrazione Provinciale di Napoli

Amministrazione Provinciale di Salerno

Amministrazione Provinciale di Foggia

Comune di Sorrento

Comune di Capaccio/Paestum

Comune di Otranto

Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Seconda Universita di Napoli

Universita degli Studi di Leece

Unione degli Industriali della Provincia di Napoli

With the support of

American Society for Microbiology

Biotechnology Center of Excellence Corp, USA

Department of Energy, USA

Massachusetts Foundation for Excellence in Marine and Polymer Science

National Science Foundation, USA

National Institutes of Health, USA

Office of Ocean and Atmospheric Research

Policy Center for Marine Biosciences and Technology, USA

Society for Industrial Microbiology, USA

United States Department of Agriculture

ix

X

With the contribution of'

Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato E Agricoltura, Leece

Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato E Agricoltura, Foggia

Ente Provinciale per il Turismo, Leece

Acknowledgments

CONTENTS

I. Biotechnology: Biology or Technology? Keynote Lecture

Arthur Kornberg

Section 1: Molecular Biology and Transgenic Animals

2. The Paradox of Growth Acceleration in Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Jose de la Fuente, Isabel Guillen, and Mario P. Estrada

3. Gene Transfer in Zebrafish Enhanced by Nuclear Localization Signals . . . . . . . . II

Philippe Collas and Peter Alestrom

4. Gene Transfer in Red Sea Bream (Pagrosomus major) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Peijun Zhang, Yongli Xu, Zongzhu Liu, Yuan Xiang, Shaojun Du, and

ChoyL. Hew

5. Production of Lines of Growth Enhanced Transgenic Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) Expressing a Novel Piscine Growth

Hormone Gene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Azirur Rahman and Norman Maclean

6. Retention of a Foreign Gene Transferred as a Protamine-DNA Complex by

Electroporated Salmon Sperm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

F. Y. T. Sin, J. G. I. Khoo, U.K. Mukherjee, and I. L. Sin

Section 2: Natural Products and Processes

7. A Novel Antioxidant Derived from Seaweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

W. C. Dunlap, K. Masaki, Y. Yamamoto, R. M. Larsen, and I. Karube

8. Unusual Marine Sterols May Protect Cellular Membranes against Action of

Some Marine Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Tatiana N. Makarieva, Valentine A. Stonik, Ludmila P. Ponomarenko, and

Dmitry L. Aminin

xi

xii Contents

9. Secondary Metabolites of Marine Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

K. Mukesh, Miryam Z. Sahni, Valadmir Belenky Wahrman, and

Gurdial M. Sharma

I 0. Biosynthetic Studies on the Salinamides, Depsipeptides from a Marine

Streptomyces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Bradley S. Moore ·

II. Dereplication and Profiling of Marine Bacteria by Fatty Acid Analysis of Crude

Extracts Using Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

David J. Bourne, Eliane Abou-Mansour, Russell T. Hill, and Peter T. Murphy

12. Biocompatible Alginates for Use in Biohybrid Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Gerd KlOck, Patrik Grohn, Christan Hasse, and Ulrich Zimmermann

13. Production ofBioactive Compounds by Cell and Tissue Cultures of Marine

Seaweeds in Bioreactor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Gregory L. Rorrer, William H. Gerwick, and Donald P. Cheney

14. The Mermaid's Purse, or What the Skate Can Tell Us about Keeping Eggs Safe

in One Basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Thomas J. Koob, David P. Knight, Marina Paolucci, Bradley Noren, and

Ian P. Callard

15. In Vitro Production of Marine-Derived Antitumor Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Shirley A. Pomponi, Robin Willoughby, Amy E. Wright, Claudia Pecorella,

Susan H. Sennett, Jose Lopez, and Gail Samples

16. Structure and Function of Barnacle Cement Proteins

Kei Kamino and Yoshikazu Shizuri

Section 3: Aquaculture

77

17. The Development and Commercialization of Tetraploid Technology for Oysters 81

Standish K. Allen, Jr., and Ximing Guo

18. New Technology for the Acceleration of Reproductive Maturation in

Economically Important Crustaceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Milton Fingerman, Rachakonda Sarojini, and Rachakonda Nagabhushanam

19. Endocrine Factors Regulating Crustacean Reproductive Maturation

Lei Liu and Hans Laufer

20. Studies on the Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. Immune System for Its Control

89

in Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

G. Scapigliati, L. Abelli, N. Romano, L. Mastrolia, and M. Mazzini

21. Development of DNA Vaccines for Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Joel Heppell, Tong Wu, Niels Lorenzen, Anthony E. Ellis, Susan M. Efler,

Neil K. Armstrong, Joachim Schorr, and Heather L. Davis

Contents xiii

22. Genetic Manipulation and Strain Improvement in Commercially Valuable Red

Seaweeds . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 01

D. Cheney, B. Rudolph, L. Z. Wang, B. Metz, K. Watson, K. Roberts, and

I. Levine

Section 4: Developmental Biology

23. Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor-a in the Growth and Development of

the Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Lynda Llewellyn, Vimi P. Ramsurn, Trevor Wigham, Deborah M. Power, and

Glen E. Sweeney

24. Regulation of Dlx Homeobox Gene Expression during Development of the

Zebrafish Embryo: The Potential Importance of Their Genomic

Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Marc Ekker, Genny Giroux, Ted Zerucha, Alison Lewis,

Adriana A. Gambarotta, and Joshua R. Schultz

25. Meiotic Cell Cycle Control by Mos in Ascidian Oocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Gian Luigi Russo, Keiichiro Kyozuka, Marcella Marino, Elisabetta Tosti,

Martin Wilding, Maria Laura de Simone, and Brian Dale

26. Activation of Ciona intestinalis at Fertilisation Is Controlled by Nicotinamide

Nucleotide Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

M. Wilding, G. L. Russo, M. Marino, L. Grumetto, M. L. De Simone,

E. Tosti, and B. Dale

27. Apoptosis as a Normal Mechanism of Growth Control and Target of Toxicant

Actions during Spermatogenesis: Insights Using the Shark Testis Model . . 125

Gloria V. Callard, Leon M. McClusky, and Marlies Betka

28. Medakafish Embryonic Stem Cells as a Model for Genetic Improvement of

Aquaculture Livestocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Yunhan Hong, Songlin Chen, Christoph Winkler, and Manfred Schartl

29. The Tropical Abalone Haliotis asinina as a Model Species to Investigate the

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Controlling Growth in Abalone 135

Regina T. Counihan, Nigel P. Preston, and Bernard M. Degnan

Section 5: Biology of Cell Factories

30. North American Porphyra Cultivation: From Molecules to Markets

I. A. Levine and D. Cheney

141

31. Oxygen Transport by Hemocyanins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Kensal E. van Holde

32. The Ink Gland of Sepia officina/is as Biological Model for Investigations of

Melanogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7

Anna Palumbo, Ida Gesualdo, Anna Di Cosmo, and Luigi De Martino

xiv Contents

33. Recombinant Factor C from Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Binds Endotoxin . . . 151

A. W. M. Pui, S. D. Roopashree, B. Ho, J. L. Ding

34. Molecular and Immunological Characterization of Shellfish Allergens

Patrick S. C. Leung and Ka-Hou Chu

35. Cell Cultures from the Abalone Haliotis tuberculata: A New Tool for in Vitro

155

Study of Biomineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

D. Sud, S. Auzoux-Bordenave, M. Martin, and D. Doumenc

Section 6: Bioremediation, Extremophiles, and Host-Pathogen Interactions

36. The Architecture ofDegradative Complex Polysaccharide Enzyme Arrays in a

Marine Bacterium Has Implications for Bioremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Ronald Weiner, Devi Chakravorty, and Lynne Whitehead

3 7. Manganese Oxidation by Spores of the Marine Bacillus sp. Strain SG-1:

Application for the Bioremediation of Metal Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Bradley M. Tebo, Lorraine G. van Waasbergen, Chris A. Francis,

Liming M. He, Deeanne B. Edwards, and Karen Casciotti

38. The Effects ofBioremediation on the Oil Degradation in Oil Polluted

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Kim Sang-Jin, Jae Hak Sohn, Doo Suep Sim, Kae Kyoung Kwon, and

TaeHyunKim

39. Heavy Metal Binding Properties of Wild Type and Transgenic Algae

(Chlamydomonas sp.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Xiao-Hua Cai, Jagat Adhiya, Samuel Traina, and Richard Sayre

40. DNA Repair Enzymes in Hyperthermophilic Archaea

Jocelyne DiRuggiero and Frank T. Robb

41. Chaperonin in a Thermophilic Methanogen, Methanococcus

193

thermolithotrophicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Masahiro Furutani, Toshii Iida, and Shigeyuki Yamano, and

TadashiMaruyama

42. Production and Application of Natural Stabilizing Compounds from

Halotolerant Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Erwin A. Galinski and Thomas Sauer

43. Molecular Detection of Magnetic Bacteria in Deep-Sea Sediments

Kaori Inoue and Harald Petermann

44. Structure and Reaction Mechanism of the 13-Glycosidase from the Archaeon

205

Sulfolobus solfataricus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Marco Moracci, Maria Ciaramella, Laurence H. Pearl, and Mose Rossi

45. Immunological Investigations on Antarctic Fish Parasitism by Nematodes 213

Maria Rosaria Coscia and Umberto Oreste

Contents XV

46. The Identification and Characterisation of Graci! aria gracilis Defence Genes

Expressed in Response to a Bacterial Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Ann E. Jaffray and Vernon E. Coyne

47. Improving Enzyme Thermostability: The Thermococcus litoralis Glutamate

Dehydrogenase Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Costantino Vetriani, Dennis L. Maeder, Nicola J. Tolliday, Horst H. Klump,

Kitty S. P. Yip, David W. Rice, and Frank T. Robb

48. Ligand-Activated Ca2+ Channels in the Nuclear Envelope of Starfish Oocytes 227

Luigia Santella and Keiichiro Kyozuka

Section 7: Biodiversity, Environmental Adaptation, and Evolution

49. Intron as a Source of Genetic Polymorphism for Fish Population Genetics 231

Seinen Chow

50. Polymorphism of Digestive Enzymes Coding Sequences in the Crustacea

Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea Decapoda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

D. Sellos, C. Le Boulay, B. Klein, I. Cancre, and A. VanWormhoudt

51. Mating Dynamics ofthe Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio, Brachyura: Majidae):

An Analysis Using DNA Microsatellite Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

N. Urbani, B. Sainte-Marie, J.-M. Sevigny, D. Zadwomy, and U. Kuhnlein

52. Denaturation of Algal Phycobiliproteins Can Be Used as a Thermal Process

Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

A. Orta-Ramirez, D. M. Smith, and J. E. Merrill

·53. Stress Responsive Gene for UV-A in Marine Cyanobacterium

Oscillatoria sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Tadashi Matsunaga and Akira Yamazawa

54. Analysis of Stress Responsive Gene for Salinity in a Marine Cyanobacterium

Synechococcus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Haruko Takeyama and Hideki Nakayama

55. Mussels Mytilus as Model Organisms in Marine Biotechnology: Polypeptide

Markers of Development and Sexual Differentiation of the Reproductive

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Alexander T. Mikhailov, Mario Torrado, and Josefina Mendez

56. Molecular Ecology of Marine Invasions: Two Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Jonathan B. Geller

57. A Super Heat-Stable Extracellular Proteinase from the Hyperthermophilic

Archaeon Aeropyrum pernix Kl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

P. Chavez C., Y. Sako, and A. Uchida

xvi Contents

Section 8: Biomarkers, Symbiosis, and Viruses

58. Mannose Adhesin-Glycan Interactions in the Eup1ymna sea/opes-Vibrio

.fischeri Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

M. McFall-Ngai, C. Brennan, V. Weis, and L. Lamarcq

59. Temporal Control of lux Gene Expression in the Symbiosis between Vibrio

fischeri and Its Squid Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Karen L. Visick and Edward G. Ruby

60. Bacterial Symbionts of the Bryostatin-Producing Bryozoan Bugula neritina 281

Margo G. Haygood and Seana K. Davidson

61. Are Gamma Proteobacteria the Predominant Symbionts in the Squid

Loligo pealei? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Elena Barbieri, Deborah Hughes, Rebecca Ericson, and Andreas Teske

62. Molecular Detection of Aquatic Birnaviruses from Marine Fish and Shellfish 291

Satoru Suzuki

63. A SDS/Page/Western Blot/EIA Protocol for the Specific Detection of Shrimp

Viral Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Philip C. Loh, Lourdes M. Tapay, E. Cesar, B. Nadala, Jr., and Yuanan Lu

64. Expression of Capsid Proteins from Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV)

in the Marine Bacterium Vibrio anguillarum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

John T. Singer, Jacqueline H. Edgar, and Bruce L. Nicholson

65. Detection ofCulturable and Non-Culturable Vibrio cholerae 01 in Mexico..... 307

Marcial Leonardo Lizarraga-Partida, Irma Wong-Chang,

Guadalupe Barrera-Escorcia, Alfonso, and V Botello

66. Molecular Characterization of Metallothionein- and Cytochrome

P4501A-CDNAS of Sparus aurata and Their Use for Detecting Pollution

along the Mediterranean Coast of Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Moshe Tom, Ophira Moran, Edward Jakubov, Benzion Cavari, and

Baruch Rinkevich

Section 9: Workshops

67. Workshop on Fatty Acid Production and Metabolism: Synthetic Report

S. A. Poulet and K. Yazawa

315

68. Workshop on Biodiversity: Synthetic Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

J. Frederick Grassle and Jack B. L. Matthews

69. Workshop on Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Bernardino Fantini and Fernando Quezada

Contributors 325

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339