Neural Network Applications Composite Materials Technology

Neural Network Applications

Composite

Materials

Technology

Neural Network Applications

Composite

Materials

Technology

Edited by S.M. Sapuan and I.M. Mujtaba

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-9332-2 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts

have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume

responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers

have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to

copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has

not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit￾ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,

including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,

without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.

com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood

Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and

registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,

a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used

only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Composite materials technology : neural network applications / editors, S.M. Sapuan,

Iqbal Mohammed Mujtaba.

p. cm.

“A CRC title.”

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4200-9332-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1.  Composite materials--Testing--Data processing. 2.  Manufacturing processes--Data

processing. 3.  Neural networks (Computer science)  I. Sapuan, S. M. II. Mujtaba, I. M.

III. Title.

TA418.9.C6C5947 2010

620.1’180287--dc22 2009038018

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

v

Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................... vii

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................ix

Editors......................................................................................................................xi

Contributors......................................................................................................... xiii

1. Application of Artificial Neural Network in Composites

Materials...........................................................................................................1

M. Hasan, M. E. Hoque, and S. M. Sapuan

2. Neural Network Approaches for Defect Detection in Composite

Materials......................................................................................................... 11

T. D’Orazio, M. Leo, and C. Guaragnella

3. The Use of Artificial Neural Networks in Damage Detection

and Assessment in Polymeric Composite Structures............................ 37

S. John, A. Kesavan, and I. Herszberg

4. Damage Identification and Localization of Carbon Fiber–

Reinforced Plastic Composite Plate Using Outlier Analysis and

Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network...................................................79

F. Mustapha, S. M. Sapuan, K. Worden, and G. Manson

5. Damage Localization of Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Plastic

Composite and Perspex Plates Using Novelty Indices and the

Cross-Validation Set of Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network..... 115

F. Mustapha, S. M. Sapuan, K. Worden, and G. Manson

6. Impact Damage Detection in a Composite Structure Using

Artificial Neural Network ........................................................................ 135

S. Mahzan and W. J. Staszewski

7. Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting the Mechanical

Behavior of Cement-Based Composites after 100 Cycles of Aging.. 163

E. M. Bezerra, C. A. R. Brito Jr., A. C. Ancelotti Jr., and L. C. Pardini

8. Fatigue Life Prediction of Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using

Artificial Neural Networks....................................................................... 189

H. El Kadi and Y. Al-Assaf

vi Contents

9. Optimizing Neural Network Prediction of Composite Fatigue

Life Under Variable Amplitude Loading Using Bayesian

Regularization............................................................................................. 221

M. I. P. Hidayat and P. S. M. M. Yusoff

10. Free Vibration Analysis and Optimal Design of the Adhesively

Bonded Composite Single Lap and Tubular Lap Joints ..................... 251

M. K. Apalak

11. Determining Initial Design Parameters by Using Genetically

Optimized Neural Network Systems..................................................... 291

I. N. Tansel, M. Demetgul, and R. L. Sierakowski

12. Development of a Prototype Computational Framework for

Selection of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite

Materials Using Neural Network............................................................ 317

S. M. Sapuan and I. M. Mujtaba

Index .....................................................................................................................341

vii

Preface

Composite materials have been developed and used in engineering com￾ponents over the past six decades in various industries such as aerospace,

automotive, marine, sporting goods, furniture, and electronics and commu￾nication. The use of composite industries is highly prevalent today because of

the enormous benefits they offer in our lives, society, and environment. Light

weight, corrosion resistance, good stiffness and strength properties, and part

consolidation are among the desirable attributes of composites that made

them the materials of choice in many structural and nonstructural applica￾tions. Research in the areas of composites has been dealing with mechanics

of composites, materials characterization, and product design and develop￾ment, and thousands of books have been written and dozens of journals are

being published reporting on the findings in composite research. Most of the

work is devoted to polymer matrix composites, and research on metal matrix

composite and ceramic matrix composites is still very limited. In the same

manner, this book is only concerned with polymer matrix composites.

Neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is an established

field in computer science and has been used with great success in various

branches of scientific and technological research ranging from civil engi￾neering and structure, chemical processing, management, agriculture, space

study, and manufacturing. The study of ANN in the field of composite mate￾rial technology is very new and only limited publications available reported

on this topic. The motivation behind the publication of this edited book on

the application of neural networks in composite materials technology is to

fill the gap of knowledge in the field of composites. The editors were inspired

to compile this book because of the lack of a good book dealing with such

topics, and there is a real need to put forward the knowledge and informa￾tion particularly on this topic provided by the authors from various parts

of the world. Research efforts in neural network in composite materials are

very limited, and many are still in the early stages of research. Neural net￾work is chosen as the tool for the study reported in this book because it is

a branch of artificial intelligence that has the capability to carry out design

prediction, mechanical property prediction, and selection process. Training,

testing, and validation of experimental data were carried out to optimize

the results. Neural network provides new insight in the study of compos￾ites, and it can normally be combined with other artificial intelligence tools

such as expert system, genetic algorithm, and fuzzy logic to obtain the opti￾mum results. The beneficiaries from this book include materials engineers,

postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers in composite materials, engineer￾ing designers, and computer engineers. This book will benefit the reader in

providing the understanding of various applications of neural network in

viii Preface

composite material technology from damage detection, design and analysis,

mechanical properties, to materials and process selection.

Twelve chapters have been compiled and edited as a result of the contribu￾tions of various authors from various parts of the world, such as the United

States, United Kingdom, Italy, Brazil, Australia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Turkey,

United Arab Emirates, and Indonesia. The book is divided into four parts.

Part 1 gives the introduction and a review of literature in the area of ANN

in composite materials technology. In Part 2, five chapters are included, and

all the chapters are grouped under the common theme of structural health

monitoring. Mechanical properties are reported in Part 3 where it comprises

three chapters. Finally, design, analysis, and materials selection are pre￾sented in three papers in Part 4.

ix

Acknowledgments

Alhamdulillah—all praises to almighty Allah who made it possible for the

editors to complete this book.

The editors gratefully acknowledge the Universiti Putra Malaysia,

which provided financial support to S. M. Sapuan during his sabbati￾cal leave as visiting academic at the School of Engineering, Design and

Technology, University of Bradford, UK, in 2007. During this visit, this

book was initiated.

This book includes contributions from the United States, United Kingdom,

Malaysia, Italy, Brazil, Australia, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey,

and Bangladesh. The editors are indebted to all the contributors who worked

hard to produce the manuscripts.

The editors would like to express sincere gratitude to the reviewers who made

enormous efforts to review each manuscript and provide useful comments.

The editors gratefully acknowledge the editorial assistance provided by

Mr. Mohd Zuhri Mohamed Yusoff and Mr. Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak, mas￾ter of science students at the Universiti Putra Malaysia.

The editors would like to express their appreciation to CRC Press, Boca

Raton, for publishing this book, particularly to Ms. Jennifer Ahringer and

Ms. Allison Shatkin.

S. M. Sapuan would like to thank the support and motivation given by

his wife Nadiah Zainal Abidin, his daughter Qurratu Aini, and his mother

Rogayah Wagimon during the preparation of this book. Similarly, I. M. Mujtaba

would like to thank his wife Nasreen and his children Summayya, Maria,

Hamza, and Usama for their great support and continuous encouragement.

xi

Editors

S. M. Sapuan is a professor of composite materials and the head of the

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti

Putra Malaysia (UPM). He is the vice president and honorary member of

Asian Polymer Association; fellow of Institute of Materials, Malaysia; life fel￾low, International Biographical Association; life member, Institute of Energy,

Malaysia; member, Society of Automotive Engineers International; mem￾ber, International Association of Engineers; member, Plastics and Rubber

Institute, Malaysia; and a professional engineer. He has published more than

200 papers in refereed journals, more than 200 papers in conferences/semi￾nars, and six books on engineering. He also holds three Malaysian patents.

Professor Sapuan’s research interests include automotive composites, concur￾rent engineering, engineering design methods, natural fiber composites and

neural network, and expert system in composite materials selection. He is an

editor of a special issue on Composite Materials Technology in the American

Journal of Applied Sciences. In addition, he has edited 11 monographs. He sits

on editorial boards for 18 journals and research bulletins. He has reviewed

more than 140 papers for refereed journals. He is the recipient of the Excellence

Putra Publication Award, UPM Excellence Award from Science Publication,

New York, UPM Excellence Researcher Award in Journal Publication, UPM

Vice Chancellor Fellowship Prize, and ISESCO Science Prize, Morocco.

I. M. Mujtaba is a professor of computational process engineering in the

School of Engineering, Design and Technology at the University of Bradford,

UK. He is a fellow of the IChemE, a chartered chemical engineer, and a char￾tered scientist. Professor Mujtaba is actively involved in many research areas

like dynamic modeling, simulation, optimization, and control of batch and

continuous chemical processes with specific interests in distillation, indus￾trial reactors, refinery processes, and desalination. He has published more

than 110 technical papers in major engineering journals, international con￾ference proceedings, and books. He is a coeditor of the book Application of

Neural Networks and Other Learning Technologies in Process Engineering pub￾lished by the Imperial College Press, London, in 2001 (http://www.icpress.

co.uk/books/compsci/p225.html). Also, he is the author of the book Batch

Distillation: Design & Operation published by the Imperial College Press,

London, in 2004 (http://www.icpress.co.uk/books/engineering/p319.html).

xiii

Contributors

Y. Al-Assaf

Department of Mechanical

Engineering

College of Engineering

American University of Sharjah

Sharjah, UAE

A. C. Ancelotti, Jr.

Departamento de Química

Instituto Tecnológico de

Aeronáutica

São José dos Campos, São Paolo,

Brazil

M. K. Apalak

Department of Mechanical

Engineering

Erciyes University

Kayseri, Turkey

E. M. Bezerra

Departamento de Química

Instituto Tecnológico de

Aeronáutica

São José dos Campos, São Paolo,

Brazil

C. A. R. Brito, Jr.

Departamento de Química

Instituto Tecnológico de

Aeronáutica

São José dos Campos, São Paolo,

Brazil

M. Demetgul

Technical Education Faculty

Marmara University

Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey

T. D’Orazio

Institute of Intelligent Systems for

Automation

CNR

Bari, Italy

H. El Kadi

Department of Mechanical

Engineering

College of Engineering

American University of Sharjah

Sharjah, UAE

C. Guaragnella

Politecnico di Bari

DEE

Bari, Italy

M. Hasan

Department of Materials and

Metallurgical Engineering

Bangladesh University of

Engineering and Technology

Dhaka, Bangladesh

I. Herszberg

Cooperative Research Centre for

Advanced Composite Structures

(CRC-ACS)

Fishermans Bend, Victoria,

Australia

M. I. P. Hidayat

Department of Materials and

Metallurgy Engineering

Faculty of Industrial Technology

Institute of Technology Sepuluh

Nopember

Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

xiv Contributors

M. E. Hoque

Department of Mechanical,

Materials and Manufacturing

Engineering

University of Nottingham Malaysia

Campus

Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

S. John

School of Aerospace, Mechanical

and Manufacturing Engineering

RMIT University

Bundoora East Campus

Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

A. Kesavan

National Australian Pipelines

Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia

M. Leo

Institute of Intelligent Systems for

Automation

CNR

Bari, Italy

S. Mahzan

Faculty of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

Malaysia

Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

G. Manson

Department of Mechanical

Engineering

University of Sheffield

Sheffield, UK

I. M. Mujtaba

School of Engineering, Design and

Technology

University of Bradford

West Yorkshire, UK

F. Mustapha

Department of Aerospace

Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

L. C. Pardini

Departamento de Química

Instituto Tecnológico de

Aeronáutica

São José dos Campos, São Paolo,

Brazil

S. M. Sapuan

Department of Mechanical and

Manufacturing Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

R. L. Sierakowski

AFRL

Eglin AFB, Florida, USA

W. J. Staszewski

Department of Mechanical

Engineering

University of Sheffield

Sheffield, UK

I. N. Tansel

Department of Mechanical and

Material Engineering

Florida International University

Miami, Florida, USA

K. Worden

Department of Mechanical

Engineering

University of Sheffield

Sheffield, UK