Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability docx

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ISBN: 0-309-10723-7, 236 pages, 8 1/2 x 11, (2008)

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Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

Committee on Nanophotonics Accessibility and

Applicability, National Research Council

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

Committee on Nanophotonics Accessibility and Applicability

Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

NANOPHOTONICS

ACCESSIBILITY AND APPLICABILITY

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the

National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy

of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of

the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard

for appropriate balance.

This is a report of work supported by Contract HHM40205D0011 between the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or

recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily

reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

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Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

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COMMITTEE ON NANOPHOTONICS ACCESSIBILITY AND APPLICABILITY

ANTOINETTE TAYLOR, Chair, Los Alamos National Laboratory

ANTHONY DeMARIA (NAS1, NAE2), Vice Chair, Coherent-DEOS, Inc.

BRADLEY G. BOONE, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

STEVEN R.J. BRUECK, University of New Mexico

NANCY (NAOMI) HALAS, Rice University

HENDRIK F. HAMANN, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center

EVELYN HU (NAE), University of California at Santa Barbara

PETER PALFFY-MUHORAY, Kent State University

STANLEY ROGERS, Air Force Research Laboratory

JERRY A. SIMMONS, Sandia National Laboratories

EDWIN THOMAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ELI YABLONOVITCH (NAS, NAE), University of California at Los Angeles

Staff

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Lead Board Director

DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Study Director

EMILY ANN MEYER, Program Officer

CARTER W. FORD, Associate Program Officer

DETRA BODRICK-SHORTER, Administrative Coordinator (as of January 2007)

ENITA A.WILLIAMS, Research Associate (as of April 2007)

LINDSAY D. MILLARD, Research Associate (summer 2006)

URRIKKA B. WOODS, Program Associate (as of April 2007)

LaSHAWN SIDBURY, Program Associate (through March 2007)

DIONNA ALI, Anderson Commonwealth Intern

1NAS, member of the National Academy of Sciences.

2NAE, member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

vii

Preface

The issues identified in the statement of task for this study1 are part of a very broad and important

set of issues for appropriate agencies of the intelligence community, the Department of Defense (DOD)

research and development community, and other government entities. In addressing the statement of task,

the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Committee on Nanophotonics Accessibility and Applicability

studied both the threats and the opportunities posed by emerging applications of nanophotonics. In this

report, the committee presents recommendations regarding priorities for future action by the intelligence

community and the DOD in the field of nanophotonics.

We wish to express our appreciation to the members of the committee for their contributions to the

preparation of this report. The committee is also grateful to the staff of the Defense Intelligence Agency

for its continuous sponsorship, and it is grateful for the active participation of the intelligence community throughout the study. The committee greatly appreciates the support and assistance of NRC staff

members Michael Clarke, Daniel Talmage, Jr., Emily Ann Meyer, Carter Ford, Detra Bodrick-Shorter,

Enita Williams, Lindsay Millard, Urrikka Woods, LaShawn Sidbury, and Dionna Ali in the production

of this report.

Antoinette Taylor, Chair

Anthony DeMaria, Vice Chair

Committee on Nanophotonics

Accessibility and Applicability

1The statement of task appears in Box 1-1 in Chapter 1.

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives

and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s

(NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and

critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and

to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the

study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of

the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Dan Gammon, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory,

Sharon Glotzer, University of Michigan,

Joseph Goodman (NAE), Stanford University,

Erich Ippen (NAS, NAE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Anthony Johnson, University of Maryland, Baltimore County,

Terry Lowe, Los Alamos National Laboratory,

Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Harvard University,

John Rogers, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,

Alton D. Romig, Jr. (NAE), Sandia National Laboratories, and

Costas Soukoulis, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions,

they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of

the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Elsa Garmire (NAE), Dartmouth

University. Appointed by the NRC, she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with

the authoring committee and the institution.

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11907.html

Contents

SUMMARY 1

1 INTRODUCTION 9

Scope of the Study, 9

Background, 10

Methodology, 15

Anticipating Threats and Projecting Threat Levels, 15

Matrix of Critical Technologies, 16

Structure of the Report, 18

References, 18

2 NANOSCALE PHENOMENA UNDERPINNING NANOPHOTONICS 19

Spatial Modulation at Fractions of a Wavelength—Photonic Crystals, 19

Introduction, 19

Photonic Bandgap, 20

Defects in Photonic Crystals: Localization of Light, 21

The Control of Dispersion and the Slowing and Storage of Light, 21

High-Efficiency Optical Sources, 22

Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Fibers, 23

Feasibility and Impact, 24

International Perspective, 24

Metamaterials—Spatial Index Modulation at a Scale Less Than a Wavelength, 26

Background, 26

Status, 26

Spatial Index Modulation, 27

Issues, 28

Impact, 29

Nanophotonics: Accessibility and Applicability

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xii CONTENTS

Plasmonics, 29

Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing, 32

Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopy, 35

Techniques for Imaging and Spectroscopy of Plasmonic Structures, 37

Extraordinary Transmission, Subwavelength Holes, 42

Plasmonic Waveguides and Other Electromagnetic Transport Geometries, 45

Plasmon-Based Active Devices, 50

Plasmon-Enhanced Devices, 53

Plasmonics in Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 55

Emerging Topics of Phonon Polaritons and Terahertz Waveguides, 58

Phonon Polaritons, 58

Terahertz Plasmonic Waveguides, 58

Reduced Dimensionality and Quantum Confinement in Nanophotonics, 60

Introduction and Background, 60

New Devices: Emitters, 61

New Devices: Detectors and Modulators, 66

New Class of Optoelectronic Devices Based on Intraband Transitions, 70

References, 73

3 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 83

Realizing Hierarchical Synthesis, Growth, and Fabrication Structures at the Nanoscale, 83

Introduction, 83

Synthesis, 84

Layered-Nanoparticle Fabrication Techniques, 86

Nanorods and Nanowires, 87

Organic Materials, 88

Self-Assembled Responsive Materials, 94

Colloidal Synthesis, 94

Epitaxial Growth, 94

Molecular-Beam Epitaxy, 95

Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition, 95

Growth Challenges, 96

International Semiconductor Crystal Growth Expertise, 96

Fabrication, 96

Planar Processing Approaches, 96

Optical Lithography, 97

Nanoimprinting, 99

Stacking Membrane Structures, 99

Photonic Crystal Fibers, 100

Directed Self-Assembly and Directed Epitaxial Growth, 102

Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation, 102

Nanoscale Crystal Growth (Nanowires), 102

Findings, 104

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CONTENTS xiii

Modeling and Simulation in Nanophotonics, 104

Finite Element Method, 105

Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 105

Boundary Element Method, 106

Other Numerical Methods, 107

Analytic Methods, 107

Characterization Techniques for Nanophotonics, 108

Advanced Microscopies, 108

Scanning Probe Microscopy, 109

Scanning Electron Microscopy, 110

Transmission Electron Microscopy, 112

Nanophotonics Devices, 112

Wavelength-Scale Devices, 112

Deep Subwavelength-Scale Nano-Optical Devices, 115

Packaging and Integration, 115

Technology Environment, 117

Packaging and Integration Technologies, 120

Monolithic Integration: Silicon Photonics, 122

Waveguides and Passives, 122

Modulators, 123

Detectors, 123

Light Sources or Gain Elements, 123

Heterogeneous Integration: Silicon Carrier, Three-Dimensional Silicon, 124

Overaching Recommendation, 124

References, 125

4 POTENTIAL MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF NANOPHOTONICS 131

Introduction, 131

Reporting Process and Methodology, 132

Potential Enabling Technologies and Applications, 134

Technologies in Their Infancy, 163

Quantum Computation and Nanophotonics, 163

Terahertz Spectroscopy and Nanophotonics, 165

Recommendation, 166

References, 166

5 FOREIGN INVESTMENT CAPABILITIES 168

International Nanophotonics, 168

Asia, 168

Europe, 170

Nanophotonics and Global Commercial Demand, 171

Recommendation, 173

References, 173

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xiv CONTENTS

6 OVERALL COMMENTS 175

The Relevance of Nanophotonics to Strategic and Critical Military Technologies, 175

Major Strategic and Critical Military Capabilities and the Probabilities of

Nanotechnologies Impacting Them, 175

Conclusions, 178

Accessibility, 178

Applications, 179

Foreign Capabilities and Investments, 179

Findings and Recommendations, 180

Reference, 181

APPENDIXES

A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members 185

B Presentations to the Committee 190

C Previous Studies 193

D Selected Research Groups in Plasmonics 203

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