Monitoring Land Cover Changes In Tien Hai Nature Reserve Thai Binh Province Using Multi Temporal Landsat Data

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis would not have been possible without the support and help from my

teachers, friends, families and several people. I would like to express our special

appreciation of following people who supported me with my sincere gratitude:

I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr.

Nguyen Hai Hoa for his untiring and excellent guidance, valuable suggestions in my

dilemmas. His comments and advices have helped me to finish my thesis.

I am also thankful to Prof. Lee MacDonald for his enthusiasm in guiding me to

construct thesis proposal. His comments and criticism on my proposal helped me to present

better final thesis.

Further, I would like to thank the Department of Natural Resources and

Environment in Tien Hai district for support and giving me the chance to study in Tien Hai

Nature Reserve. Besides, I also thank the local authorities and famers in three communes

(Nam Hung, Nam Phu, Nam Thinh) for providing valuable information and data of the

area.

I wish to thank the Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry

University for providing me with survey instrument (GPS Garmin) for field survey. I also

thank my friends for their enthusiastic help in the process collected data in field survey.

Last but not least, my everlasting gratitude goes to my parents who always

encouraged and supporting me all the time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 3

Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................. 6

2.1. Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing to monitor land use and land cover.................... 6

2.1.1. Land use and land cover ........................................................................................................ 6

2.1.2. GIS - Remote Sensing and monitoring land use - land cover............................................. 6

2.1.3. Studies of application of GIS and Remote Sensing to detect land use and land cover...... 7

2.2. Studies of land use and land cover in Tien Hai Nature Reserve .......................................... 10

2.2.1. Key study.............................................................................................................................. 10

2.2.2. Key significant issues in Tien Hai Nature Reserve............................................................ 10

Chapter III STUDY GOAL, SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY .......................... 12

3.1. Study goal ................................................................................................................................ 12

3.2. Specific objectives................................................................................................................... 12

3.3.1. Data collection...................................................................................................................... 14

3.3.2. Integration of multi-temporal Landsat data and GIS ......................................................... 15

5.2.5. Change detection.................................................................................................................. 23

Chapter IV STUDY SITE, NATURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES ................. 24

4.1. Study site.................................................................................................................................. 24

4.2. Natural features........................................................................................................................ 24

Chapter V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................. 28

5.1. Current status of coastal land cover and its management schemes...................................... 28

5.1.1. Current status of coastal land cover in Tien Hai Nature Reserve ..................................... 28

5.1.2. Management schemes of Tien Hai Nature Reserve........................................................... 29

5.2. Changes in coastal land covers in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015................ 31

5.2.1. Thematic coastal land covers in Tien Hai Nature Reserve................................................ 32

5.2.2. Accuracy assessment of coastal land cover classification................................................. 39

5.2.3. Spatial land cover change analysis during 2001 - 2015..................................................... 40

5.3. Key drivers of land cover change in the Tien Hai Nature Reserve...................................... 49

5.3.1. Human - induced drivers and coastal land cover change .................................................. 49

5.3.2. Natural - induced forces and coastal land cover change.................................................... 54

5.4. Solutions for better management of coastal land use in Tien Hai Nature Reserve............. 55

Chapter VI GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY........... 58

6.1. General conclusion.................................................................................................................. 58

6.2. Limitations............................................................................................................................... 59

6.3. Further studies ......................................................................................................................... 60

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

ABBREVIATIONS

ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

ENVI Exelis Visual Information Solutions

ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus

FCC False Colour Combination

GCPs Ground control points

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Geographic Position System

IBA Important Bird and Biodiversity Area

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

LULC Land Use Land Cover

MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

MCD Centre for Marinelife Conservation and Community Development

MODIS Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MSS Multispectral Scanner System

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

OLI Operational Land Imager

RGB Red Green Blue

RS Remote Sensing

SPOT Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre

SWIR Short Wave Infrared

TIF Tagged Image File Format

TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensor

TM Thematic Mapper

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

USGU US Geological Survey

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

WGS World Geodetic System

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Satellite images used for the study. ............................................................................. 17

Table 3.2: Ground control points (GCPs) and land cover classes............................................... 18

Table 3.3: Description of land cover classification used.............................................................. 21

Table 5.1: Summary of area of land cover classes from 2001 to 2015 (ha). .............................. 32

Table 5.2: Error matrix of accuracy assessment for image classification in 2015. .................... 39

Table 5.3: Changes in area of land cover classes in different periods. ....................................... 41

Table 5.4: Change detection of land cover classes from 2001 to 2006 (ha)............................... 42

Table 5.5: Change detection of land cover classes from 2006 to 2015 (ha)............................... 45

Table 5.6: Change detection of land cover from 2001 to 2015 (ha). .......................................... 47

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Overview flowchart of study objectives. ................................................................... 13

Figure 3.2: Flowchart of methodology for image classification and change mapping.............. 16

Figure 3.3: Landsat images and their band combinations used in this study.............................. 20

Figure 4.1: Location of study site in Tien Hai district.................................................................. 27

Figure 5.1: Land cover classes for 2001, 2006 and 2015 (ha)..................................................... 32

Figure 5.2: Area of land cover classes in 2001............................................................................. 33

Figure 5.3: Thematic land cover of Tien Hai Nature Reserve in 2001....................................... 34

Figure 5.4: Areas of land cover classes in 2006 (ha). .................................................................. 35

Figure 5.5: Thematic land cover of Tien Hai Nature Reserve in 2006....................................... 36

Figure 5.6: Area of land cover classes (ha) in 2015..................................................................... 37

Figure 5.7: Thematic land cover of Tien Hai Nature Reserve in 2015....................................... 38

Figure 5.8: Changes in area of land cover classes from 2001 to 2015 (ha)................................ 42

Figure 5.9: Land cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2006...................... 44

Figure 5.10: Land cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2006 to 2015. .................. 46

Figure 5.11: Land cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015. .................. 48

1

ABSTRACT

Land cover is considered as a fundamental component for sustainable management

of natural resource and monitoring environmental change. In recent years, with increasing

in anthropology activities and climate change, land cover is dramatically changed; and

impact adversely affected to environment. Tien Hai Nature Reserve is coastal wetland

zone, has a vital role in contributed immeasurable socio-economic, cultural, and

environmental value at local, provincial regional, national level. Therefore, Tien Hai

Nature Reserve is facing with decline in function and natural resource of the area by

human activities and natural calamity. This study is carried out with aim was to monitoring

land cover change in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015 using multi-temporal

Landsat data combine with GIS technique. From that, would have an overview about land

cover change which contributed better management of the Tien Hai Nature Reserve.

For this study, multi-temporal Landsat imagery includes Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7

ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS were analyzed using ArcGIS software; and Global

Position System (GPS) was acquired for collected ground control points in the field. Iso

cluster unsupervised classification was chosen to extract information from satellite data

with five land cover classes were identified including water, built-up/sand, casuarinas,

mangroves; and others. The result of the classification classes given 85.6% accuracy in

2015. The change detection of land cover is divided into 2 periods (2001-2006 and 2006-

2015). In overall, casuarinas and built-up/sand slightly changed, and have tended to

increased during 14 years. Water, mangroves, others have largely changed. Mangroves

area decreased 245.6 ha in 2001 to 2006, after increased 331.3 ha from 2006 to 2015. Area

coverage of water increased from 2001 to 2006, decreased from 2006 to 2015. In contrary,

others area decreased from 2001 to 2006, increased from 2006 to 2015.