MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS Sixth Edition pot

MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGY

FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS

Sixth Edition

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ANN EHRLICH

CAROL L. SCHROEDER

MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGY

FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS

Sixth Edition

Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

Medical Terminology for Health Professions,

Sixth Edition

by Ann Ehrlich and Carol L. Schroeder

Vice President, Career

and Professional Editorial: Dave Garza

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Printed in United States of America

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COPYRIGHT © 2009, Delmar Cengage Learning

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright

hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic,

electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web

distribution or information storage and retrieval systems—without the

written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008922083

ISBN-13: 978-1-4180-7252-0

ISBN-10: 1-4180-7252-4

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Contents

Preface xiii

To the Learner / xiii

To the Instructor / xv

Acknowledgments / xxi

How to Use This Book / xxii

How to Use StudyWARE™ / xxv

Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical

Terminology 1

Overview of Introduction to Medical Terminology / 1

Vocabulary Related to the Introduction to Medical Terminology / 2

Primary Medical Terms / 3

Word Parts Are the Key / 3

Word Roots / 4

Suffixes / 4

Prefixes / 7

Determining Meanings on the Basis of Word Parts / 8

Medical Dictionary Use / 9

Pronunciation / 10

Spelling Is Always Important / 11

Using Abbreviations / 11

Singular and Plural Endings / 11

Basic Medical Terms to Describe Diseases / 11

Look-Alike Sound-Alike Terms and Word Parts / 11

Abbreviations Related to the Introduction to Medical Terminology / 15

Learning Exercises / 16

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 25

Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health

and Disease 26

Overview of the Human Body in Health and Disease / 26

Vocabulary Related to the Human Body in Health and Disease / 27

Anatomic Reference Systems / 28

Structures of the Body / 34

Cells / 34

Genetics / 35

Tissues / 37

Glands / 38

Body Systems and Related Organs / 39

Pathology / 39

Aging / 41

Abbreviations Related to the Human Body in Health and Disease / 41

Learning Exercises / 42

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 51

PRE

(before)

NAT AL

(birth)

+

v

Word Part Review 52

Word Part Practice Session / 52

Word Part Post-Test / 55

Chapter 3: The Skeletal System 58

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions

of the Skeletal System / 58

Vocabulary Related to the Skeletal System / 59

Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System / 60

The Structure of Bones / 60

Joints / 61

The Skeleton / 63

Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System / 71

Pathology of the Skeletal System / 72

Diagnostic Procedures of the Skeletal System / 78

Treatment Procedures of the Skeletal System / 78

Abbreviations Related to the Skeletal System / 82

Learning Exercises / 84

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 93

Chapter 4: The Muscular System 94

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions

of the Muscular System / 94

Vocabulary Related to the Muscular System / 95

Functions of the Muscular System / 96

Structures of the Muscular System / 96

Types of Muscle Tissue / 96

Muscle Contraction and Relaxation / 98

Contrasting Muscle Motion / 99

How Muscles Are Named / 101

Medical Specialties Related to the Muscular System / 102

Pathology of the Muscular System / 102

Diagnostic Procedures of the Muscular System / 110

Treatment Procedures of the Muscular System / 111

Abbreviations Related to the Muscular System / 112

Learning Exercises / 114

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 123

Chapter 5: The Cardiovascular System 124

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the

Cardiovascular System / 124

Vocabulary Related to the Cardiovascular System / 125

Functions of the Cardiovascular System / 126

Structures of the Cardiovascular System / 126

vi

The Blood Vessels / 131

Blood / 134

Medical Specialties Related to the Cardiovascular System / 136

Pathology of the Cardiovascular System / 136

Diagnostic Procedures of the Cardiovascular System / 145

Treatment Procedures of the Cardiovascular System / 146

Abbreviations Related to the Cardiovascular System / 150

Learning Exercises / 151

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 160

Chapter 6: The Lymphatic and Immune

Systems 161

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the

Lymphatic and Immune Systems / 161

Vocabulary Related to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems / 162

Introduction / 163

Medical Specialties Related to the Lymphatic and

Immune Systems/163

Functions of the Lymphatic System / 163

Structures of the Lymphatic System / 163

Functions and Structures of the Immune System / 168

Pathogenic Organisms / 174

Oncology / 176

Abbreviations Related to the Lymphatic and Immune Systems / 181

Learning Exercises / 183

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 192

Chapter 7: The Respiratory System 193

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the

Respiratory System / 193

Vocabulary Related to the Respiratory System / 194

Functions of the Respiratory System / 195

Structures of the Respiratory System / 195

Respiration / 199

Medical Specialties Related to the Respiratory System / 201

Pathology of the Respiratory System / 201

Diagnostic Procedures of the Respiratory System / 209

Treatment Procedures of the Respiratory System / 210

Abbreviations Related to the Respiratory System / 212

Learning Exercises / 214

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 223

vii

Chapter 8: The Digestive System 224

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions

of the Digestive System / 224

Vocabulary Related to the Digestive System / 225

Structures of the Digestive System / 226

Digestion / 233

Medical Specialties Related to the Digestive System / 234

Pathology of the Digestive System / 234

Diagnostic Procedures of the Digestive System / 243

Treatment Procedures of the Digestive System / 244

Abbreviations Related to the Digestive System / 246

Learning Exercises / 248

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 257

Chapter 9: The Urinary System 258

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the

Urinary System/258

Vocabulary Related to the Urinary System / 259

Functions of the Urinary System / 260

Structures of the Urinary System / 260

The Excretion of Urine / 262

Medical Specialties Related to the Urinary System / 262

Pathology of the Urinary System / 263

Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System / 268

Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System / 270

Abbreviations Related to the Urinary System / 274

Learning Exercises / 275

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 284

Chapter 10: The Nervous System 285

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the

Nervous System / 285

Vocabulary Related to the Nervous System / 286

Functions of the Nervous System / 287

Structures of the Nervous System / 287

The Central Nervous System / 290

The Peripheral Nervous System / 295

The Autonomic Nervous System / 296

Medical Specialties Related to the Nervous System / 296

Pathology of the Nervous System / 297

Diagnostic Procedures of the Nervous System / 304

Treatment Procedures of the Nervous System / 304

Mental Health / 305

Abbreviations Related to the Nervous System / 309

Learning Exercises / 310

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 319

viii

Chapter 11: Special Senses: The Eyes

and Ears 320

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions

of the Eyes and Ears / 320

Vocabulary Related to the Special Senses / 321

Functions of the Eyes / 322

Structures of the Eyes / 322

Medical Specialties Related to the Eyes / 326

Pathology of the Eyes and Vision / 326

Diagnostic Procedures of the Eyes and Vision / 331

Treatment Procedures of the Eyes and Vision / 331

Functions of the Ears / 333

Structures of the Ears / 333

Medical Specialties Related to the Ears / 335

Pathology of the Ears and Hearing / 335

Diagnostic Procedures of the Ears and Hearing / 336

Treatment Procedures of the Ears and Hearing / 337

Abbreviations Related to the Special Senses / 338

Learning Exercises / 340

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 349

Chapter 12: Skin: The Integumentary

System 350

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions

of the Integumentary System / 350

Vocabulary Related to the Integumentary System / 351

Functions of the Integumentary System / 352

Structures of the Skin and Its Related Structures / 352

Medical Specialties Related to the Integumentary System / 355

Pathology of the Integumentary System / 355

Diagnostic Procedures of the Integumentary System / 364

Treatment Procedures of the Integumentary System / 365

Abbreviations Related to the Integumentary System / 367

Learning Exercises / 368

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 377

Chapter 13: The Endocrine System 378

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the

Endocrine System / 378

Vocabulary Related to the Endocrine System / 379

Functions of the Endocrine System / 380

Structures of the Endocrine System / 380

Medical Specialties Related to the Endocrine System / 382

ix

Pathology of the Endocrine System / 383

The Pituitary Gland / 383

The Pineal Gland / 385

The Thyroid Gland / 385

The Parathyroid Glands / 387

The Thymus / 387

The Pancreatic Islets / 388

The Adrenal Glands / 391

The Gonads / 392

Abbreviations Related to the Endocrine System / 394

Learning Exercises / 395

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 404

Chapter 14: The Reproductive Systems 405

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of

the Reproductive Systems / 405

Vocabulary Related to the Reproductive Systems / 406

Terms Related to the Reproductive Systems of Both the Sexes / 407

Functions of the Male Reproductive System / 407

Structures of the Male Reproductive System / 407

Medical Specialties Related to the Male Reproductive System / 409

Pathology of the Male Reproductive System / 409

Diagnostic Procedures of the Male Reproductive System / 411

Treatment Procedures of the Male Reproductive System / 411

Sexually Transmitted Diseases / 412

Functions of the Female Reproductive System / 413

Structures of the Female Reproductive System / 413

Medical Specialties Related to the Female Reproductive System

and Childbirth / 416

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System / 417

Diagnostic Procedures of the Female Reproductive System / 419

Treatment Procedures of the Female Reproductive System / 420

Pregnancy and Childbirth / 422

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth / 425

Assisted Reproduction / 427

Abbreviations Related to the Reproductive Systems / 427

Learning Exercises / 429

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 439

Chapter 15: Diagnostic Procedures

and Pharmacology 440

Overview of Diagnostic Procedures and Pharmacology / 440

Vocabulary Related to Diagnostic Procedures and Pharmacology / 441

Basic Examination Procedures / 442

Basic Examination Positions / 445

Laboratory Tests / 446

x

Endoscopy / 450

Centesis / 451

Imaging Techniques / 451

Pharmacology / 457

Abbreviations Related to Diagnostic Procedures and Pharmacology / 461

Learning Exercises / 462

The Human Touch: Critical Thinking Exercise / 472

Comprehensive Medical Terminology

Review 473

Overview of Comprehensive Medical Terminology Review / 473

Study Tips / 474

Review Session / 477

Simulated Final Test / 487

Appendix A: Prefixes, Combining Forms, and Suffixes / 497

Appendix B: Abbreviations and Their Meanings / 515

Index / 533

Flash Cards / 582

PYR/O

fever, fire

xi

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Preface

n TO THE LEARNER

Welcome to the world of medical terminology! Learning this special language is an

important step in preparing for your career as a health care professional. Here’s

good news: Learning medical terms is much easier than learning a foreign language

because you are already familiar with quite a few of the words—such as appendicitis

and tonsillectomy. Understanding new words becomes easier with the discovery that

many of these terms are made up of interchangeable word parts that are used in

different combinations. Once you understand this, you’ll be well on your way to

translating even the most difficult medical terms, including words you have never

seen before. You’ll be amazed to see how quickly your vocabulary will grow!

This book, and the accompanying teaching materials, are designed to make the

process as simple as possible. Review the introductory sections at the beginning of

the book, including “How to Use This Book” and “How to Use StudyWARE™,” so

you can find your way around easily. Once you get comfortable with the format,

you’ll discover you are learning faster than you ever imagined possible.

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

The text is designed to help you master the medical terminology. It is organized into

15 chapters, a Word Part Review, a Comprehensive Review Section, two appendices,

an index, and removable flash cards. To gain the most benefit from your use of this

text, take advantage of the many features, including the “Learning Exercises” plus

the “Human Touch” stories and discussion that are included at the end of each

chapter.

Each chapter begins with a vocabulary list consisting of 15 word parts and 60

medical terms selected from among the primary terms in the chapter. These

important words are pronounced on the StudyWARE™ CD-ROM, as well as on the

optional Audio CDs.

Primary terms are the most important terms in a chapter. When first

introduced, the term appears in boldface and, if appropriate, is followed by the

“sounds-like pronunciation.” Only primary terms are used as correct answers in the

exercises and tests.

Secondary terms appear in orange italics. These terms, which are included to

clarify the meaning of a primary term, are used as distracters, but not as correct

answers, in exercises or tests.

Introductory Chapters and Word Part Review

Chapters 1 and 2 create the foundation that enables you to master the rest of the

book. Chapter 1 introduces key word parts—the building blocks of most medical

terms. Chapter 2 introduces more word parts and provides an overview of basic

terms used throughout the health field.

xiii

After studying these chapters, complete the Word Part Review that follows Chapter 2. These

practice activities and the accompanying test will help you determine whether you’ve mastered

the concept of these all-important building blocks. If you are having trouble here, it is important

to put more effort into learning these basics.

Body System Chapters

Chapters 3 through 14 are organized by body system. Because each body system stands alone,

you can study these chapters in any sequence. Each chapter begins with an overview of the

structures and functions of that system so you can relate these to the specialists, pathology,

diagnostics, and treatment procedures that follow.

Chapter 15 introduces basic diagnostic procedures, examination positions, imaging techniques,

laboratory tests, and pharmacology. This chapter can be studied at any point in the course.

Comprehensive Medical Terminology Review

This section, which follows Chapter 15, is designed to help you prepare for your final

examination. It includes study tips, practice exercises, and a simulated final test; however, be

aware that none of these questions are from the actual final test.

Appendices

Appendix A: Prefixes, Combining Forms, and Suffixes is a convenient alphabetic reference for

medical word parts. When you don’t recognize a word part, you can look it up here.

Appendix B: Abbreviations and Their Meanings is an extensive list of commonly used

abbreviations and their meanings. Abbreviations are important in medicine and using them

accurately is essential!

LEARNING SUPPLEMENTS

The following supplements are included with your textbook to

provide even more help as you study.

n Flash Cards. Improve your knowledge and test your mastery by

using the flashcards created from the cards provided in the last

section of the book. Remove these perforated pages carefully and

then separate the cards. Flash cards are an effective study aid for use

even when you only have a small amount of time.

n StudyWARE™ CD-ROM. This interactive software packaged with the

book offers an exciting way to gain additional practice (while having fun) through exercises,

game activities, and audio for each chapter. See “How to Use StudyWARE™” on page xxv for

details.

PYR/O

fever, fire

xiv PREFACE