Mechanical engineering series : Engine oils and automotive lubrication

ENGINE OILS

AND

AUTOMOTIVE

LUBRICATION

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books

Editor

L. L. Faulkner

Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute

and Department o f Mechanical Engineering

The Ohio State University

Columbus, Ohio

1. Spring Designer’s Handbook, Harold Carlson

2. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L. Ryan

3. Lubrication Fundamentals, J. George Wills

4. Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A. Himmelman

5. Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G. Booth￾royd and C. Poli

6. Centrifugal Pump Clinic, Igor J. Karassik

7. Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L. Ryan

8. Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Compo￾nents; Part B: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by

Edward Miller

9. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr.

10. Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel

11. Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di

Giovanni

12. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design, Alexander Blake

13. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John

H. Bickford

14. Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James

N. Siddall

15. Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson

16. Industrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, edited

by Lewis H. Bell

17. Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding

Gear Noise, J. Derek Smith

18. Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and

Applications Handbook, American Chain Association

19. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A.

Schweitzer

20. Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander

21. Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and

Calculations, John D. Constance

22. CAD/CAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S. Knox

23. Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications,

James N. Siddail

24. Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W. Heilich

III and Eugene E. Shube

25. Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, Ronald L. Huston and

Chris E. Passerello

26. Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, Bray￾ton Lincoln, Kenneth J. Gomes, and James F. Braden

27. Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W. S. Robertson

28. Principles of Automated Drafting, Daniel L. Ryan

29. Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J. Martini

30. Engineering Documentation for CAD/CAM Applications, Charles S.

Knox

31. Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications,

Jerome C. Lange

32. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Tech￾niques, Lyndon 0. Barton

33. CAD/CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity

Measurement, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark

E. Coticchia

34. Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V. Ganapathy

35. Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, John A. Burgess

36. Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy

Applications, Jasbir Singh

37. Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H. Kirchhoff

38. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L.

Ryan

39. Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Appli￾cation, Michael J. Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas

40. Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, U.S. Gauge Division, edited

by Philip W. Harland

41. Fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: Fundamentals and Basic

Technology, R. P. Donovan

42. Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake

43. CAD/CAM Dictionary, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford,

and Mark E. Coticchia

44. Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard

S. Haviland

45. Couplings and Joints: Design Selection, and Application, Jon R.

Mancuso

46. Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski

47. BASIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion,

Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer, V. Ganapathy

48. Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics,

Jerome C. Lange

49. Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E. Adams

50. Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C. Orthwein

51. Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L. Trietley

52. Metallurgical Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate

Phenomena, edited by Lawrence E. Murr, Karl P. Staudhammer,

and Marc A. Meyers

53. Magnesium Products Design, Robert S. Busk

54. How to Integrate CAD/CAM Systems: Management and Technol￾ogy, William D. Engelke

55. Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design

software for the IBM PC and compatibles, disk included, Preben

W. Jensen

56. Solid-State AC Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylves￾ter Campbell

57. Fundamentals of Robotics, David D. Ardayfio

58. Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D.

Erickson

59. Developing Three-Dimensional CAD Software with the IBM PC, C.

Stan Wei

60. Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S. Knox, with

contributions by Thomas C. Boos, Ross S. Culverhouse, and Paul

F. Muchnicki

61. Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V.

Dukkipati and Joseph R. Amyot

62. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and De￾sign, P. K. Mallick

63. Photoelectric Sensors and Controls: Selection and Application,

Scott M. Juds

64. Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R.

Champion, Jr., and J. Michael Ensminger

65. Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second

Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger

66. Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for

Engineers, Jeffrey M. Steele

67. Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Principles and

Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S. Tse and Ivan E. Morse

68. Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,

Igor J. Karassik

69. Practical Stress Analysis in Enineering Design: Second Edition,

Revised and Expanded, Alexander Blake

70. An Introduction to the Deisgn and Behavior of Bolted Joints:

Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H. Bickford

71. High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H. Habla￾nian

72. Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske

73. Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank

Porter

74. Thermal Fatigue of Metals, Andrzej Weronski and Tadeuz Hejwow￾ski

75. Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors,

Preben W. Jensen

76. Handbook of Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht

77. Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited

by Marc A. Meyers, Lawrence E. Murr, and Karl P. Staudhammer

78. Industrial Refrigeration: Principles, Design and Applications, P. C.

Koelet

79. Applied Combustion, Eugene L. Keating

80. Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J. Bartz

Additional Volumes in Preparation

Mechanical Engineering Software

Spring Design with an IBM PC, Al Dietrich

Mechanical Design Failure Analysis: With Failure Analysis System

Software for the IBM PC, David G. Ullman

ENGINE OILS

AND

AUTOMOTIVE

LUBRICATION

EDITED BX

WILFRIED J. BARTZ

Technische Akademie Esslingen

Ostfildern, Germany

CRC Press

Taylor &. Francis G ro u p

Boca Raton London New York

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Preface

Lubricants and lubrication techniques are indispensable in the automobile

industry. Owing to the special operating conditions, characterized by high tem￾peratures, loads and speeds, lubricants have to cover extreme requirements.

Therefore, the necessary properties of these lubricants require appropriate

classification, production and formulation, testing and application as well as

expert disposal.

This book deals with the state of the art in the field of automotive lubrication,

particularly engine lubrication. The different topics are covered by experts from

the mineral oil, additive and automobile industries as well as from research

institutes, thus providing high standard expert knowledge in any specific area of

automotive and engine lubrication. Experts from several countries contributed

to this book.

In different chapters the following topics are covered:

— Film thickness in engine bearings

- Base oils for automotive lubricants

— Additives and mechanism of effectiveness

— Engine oils and their evaluation

- Sludge deposits in gasoline engines

- Special aspects of engine lubrication

- Two-Stroke-Engine Oils

- Tractor lubrication

— Gear lubrication

— Lubricant influence on ceramic and seal materials

This book is characterized by the fact that experts from all over the world

gathered and summarized their knowledge, resulting in a general but nevertheless

comprehensive presentation of all major aspects of automotive and engine

lubrication.

This book might be useful to all who are active in the field of automobile

tribology and lubrication. Experts from the mineral oil and additive industries

can also find new points of view to supplement their knowledge, as will junior

scientists and engineers who are introducing themselves to this field of tribo￾logy and lubrication engineering. In addition, with the aid of this book a great

number of students of tribology may gain a great deal of useful information.

Prof. W.J. Bartz

iii

Table of Contents

Preface iii

1. Oil Film Thickness in Engine Bearings

1.1 Measurement of Oil Film Thickness in Big-End

Bearings and Its Relevance to Engine Oil

Viscosity Classifications 2

T.W. Bates, M.A. Vickars

Summary 2

1.1.1 Introduction 2

1.1.2 Experimental 3

1.1.2.1 Engines 3

1.1.2.2 Oil Film Thickness Measurement 4

1.1.2.3 Oils 6

1.1.3 Results 6

1.1.3.1 Precision 8

1.1.3.2 MOFT/crankangle curves-general features 8

1.1.3.3 Effect of Speed and Torque 10

1.1.3.4 Shear rates in the bearing 14

1.1.3.5 Effect of viscosity 15

1.1.4 Conclusions 20

Acknowledgements 22

1.1.5 References 23

1.2 Does the Automotive Industry Need a

Standard Engine Test to Measure Journal

Bearing Oil Film Thickness? 24

J.A. Spearot

1.2.1 Summary 24

1.2.2 Introduction 24

1.2.3 Development of Methods for Measuring BO FT 26

1.2.4 Experimental Methods for Making BOFT Measurements 27

1.2.5 Effects of Oil Rheology on Bearing Performance 31

1.2.6 Does the Automobile Industry Need a Bearing Film

Thickness Test? 41

1.2.7 Is an Industry Engine Bearing Test of any Sort Needed? 44

1.2.8 References 44

2. Base Oils

2.1 Structure of Oils According to Type and Group

Analysis of Oils by the Combination of Chroma￾tographic and Spectral Methods 48

P. Daucik, T. Jakubik, N. Pronayova and B. Zuzi

Summary 48

2.1.1 Introduction 48

2.2.2 Experimental 49

2.1.3 Results and Discussion 51

2.1.4 Conclusion 57

2.1.5 References 58

2.2 Dependency of Viscometric Properties on

Base-Stocks Chemical Structures in Multigrade

Crankcase Oils 59

H.H. Abou el Naga and S.A. Bendary

2.2.1 Abstract 59

2.2.2 Introduction 59

2.2.3 Experimental 62

2.2.4 Statistical Methodology 66

2.2.4.1 Chemical Variables 67

2.2.5 Results and Discussion 69

2.2.5.1 Base-Stocks Chemical Structure Variables 69

2.2.5.2 Change in Viscometric Properties with increasing

bright-stock content 70

2.2.5.3 Dependency of Viscometric Properties on Single

Chemical Structures Variables 75

2.2.5.3.1 Directions of Proportionality 76

2.2.5.3.2 Magnitude of Dependency 76

2.2.5.4 Dependency of Viscometric Properties on Combined

Chemical Structure Variables 88

2.2.5.5 Predictive Statistical Models 90

2.2.5.6 Correlation via Multiple Models 96

2.2.6 Summary 98

2.2.7 Acknowledgement 99

2.2.8 References 99

Appendix 1 101

vi

102

102

102

103

107

107

107

110

112

112

113

114

114

115

116

117

118

123

124

125

125

125

126

130

144

145

vii

Determination of Zinc and Calcium in Multigrade

Crankcase Oils

H.H. Abou el Naga, M.M. Mohamed and M.F. el Meneir

Abstract

Introduction

Experimental

Results and Discussion

Method precision limits

Effect of VI Improvers on Measured Zinc and

Calcium Concentrations

Effect of Viscosity on Percent Reduction of

Measured Concentrations

Estimating Correction Factors

Via VI Improver Concentration

Via Blend Viscosity

Explanation of Results

Conclusions

References

The Characterisation of Synthetic Lubricant

Formulations by Field Desorption Mass

Spectrometry

K. Rollins, M. Taylor, J.H. Scrivens and A. Robertson,

H. Major

Experimental

Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

Tailor Making Polyalphaolefins

R.L. Shubkin and M.E, Kerkemeyer

D.K. Walters and J.V. Bullen

Tailor Making PAO's

Introduction

Background

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

149

149

150

150

150

151

153

153

154

155

157

158

158

159

159

159

160

161

162

162

163

163

163

164

167

169

169

173

177

177

179

180

181

186

192

195

197

198

199

Additives and Mechanism of Effectiveness

Engine Oils Additives: A General Overview

C. Kajdas

Introduction

Engine Oil Properties

Properties of Base Oils

Properties Imparted by Additives

Types and General Characteristics of Additives for

Engine Oils

Description of the Engine Oil Additives

General Information

Additives Responsible for Formation of Deposits

Oxidation Inhibitors

Heavy Duty (HD) Additives

Detergents

Dispersants

Alkali Agents

Additives Modifying Oil Properties

Viscosity Index Improvers

Pour Point Depressants

Corrosion Inhibitors

Other Additives But Tribological Ones

Rust Inhibitors

Foam Inhibitors

Tribological Additives

Introduction

Friction Modifying Additives

Antiwear Additives

Extreme Pressure Additives

Interactions of Engine Oil Components

References

Effects of NOv on Liquid Phase Oxidation and

Inhibition at Elevated Temperatures

S. Korcek and M.D. Johnson

Blowby Composition

Experimental

Reactions of NO and N 02

Effects of Uninhibited Hexadecane Oxidation

Effects on Inhibited Hexadecane Oxidation

Effects on Inhibited Oxidation of Preoxidized Hexadecane

Summary

References

Appendix 1

Appendix 2