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M mercedes maroto valer carbon dioxide capture storage and transportation vol1
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2)
capture and storage technology
i
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Related titles:
Advanced power plant materials, design and technology
(ISBN 978-1-84569-515-6)
Fossil-fuel power plants generate the majority of the world’s power, but
many plants are ageing and cannot meet rising global energy demands and
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supply, utilities are building a new generation of advanced power plant with
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Oxy-fuel combustion is a power generation and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture
option for advanced power plant in which fuel is burnt in an oxygen-rich
environment instead of in air. This allows for a reduction in NOx and SOx
emissions as well as producing a high-purity carbon dioxide (CO2) flue gas
stream. This high-purity CO2 stream allows for more efficient and economical
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ii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 8
Developments
and innovation
in carbon dioxide
(CO2) capture and
storage technology
Volume 1: Carbon dioxide (CO2)
capture, transport and industrial
applications
Edited by
M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
Wo o d h e a d p u b l i s h i n g l i m i t e d
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
iii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road,
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Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
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First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
The authors have asserted their moral rights.
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iv
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xvii
Foreword by Lord Oxburgh xix
1 Overview of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and
storage technology 1
S. Bouzalakos and M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer, University of
Nottingham, UK
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change 2
1.3 Carbon management and stabilisation routes 8
1.4 Development and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2)
capture and transport technology 11
1.5 Development and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2)
storage and utilisation technology 17
1.6 Future trends 19
1.7 Sources of further information and advice 20
1.8 Acknowledgements 22
1.9 References 22
Part I Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage
economics, regulation and planning
2 Techno-economic analysis and modeling of carbon
dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS)
technologies 27
J. Ogden and N. Johnson, University of California Davis, USA
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture 31
Contents
v
vi Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
2.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport 36
2.4 Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection 44
2.5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) system
modeling 56
2.6 Future trends 59
2.7 References 61
3 Regulatory and social analysis for the legitimation
and market formation of carbon dioxide (CO2)
capture and storage technologies 64
H. de Coninck, M. de Best-Waldhober and H. Groenenberg,
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), the Netherlands
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Technological maturity and the carbon dioxide (CO2)
capture and storage (CCS) innovation system 67
3.3 Legitimation: results and gaps in social scientific research
regarding public perception and participation 74
3.4 Market formation and direction of search: an enabling
regulatory framework for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture
and storage (CCS) in the EU 80
3.5 Implementation outlook for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture
and storage (CCS) technologies 86
3.6 Sources of further information and advice 88
3.7 References 88
4 Energy supply planning for the introduction of
carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies 93
A. Elkamel, H. Mirzaesmaeeli, E. Croiset and P. L. Douglas,
University of Waterloo, Canada
4.1 The emerging energy challenge and a case from Ontario,
Canada 93
4.2 Overview of supply technologies and carbon capture and
storage 98
4.3 Future trends 105
4.4 Energy conservation strategy 113
4.5 Planning model 115
4.6 Illustrative case study 124
4.7 Conclusions 149
4.8 References 151
Contents vii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Part II Post- and pre-combustion processes and technology
for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants
5 Advanced absorption processes and technology for
carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants 155
U. Desideri, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
5.1 Introduction 155
5.2 Absorption processes 156
5.3 Description of the technology 161
5.4 Advancements in the technologies 166
5.5 Advantages and disadvantages 170
5.6 Applications and future trends 172
5.7 Conclusions 172
5.8 References 180
6 Advanced adsorption processes and technology for
carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants 183
R. M. Davidson, IEA Clean Coal Centre, UK
6.1 Introduction 183
6.2 Mesoporous and microporous adsorbents 184
6.3 Functionalised sorbents 186
6.4 Regenerable sorbents 192
6.5 Sources of further information and advice 197
6.6 Conclusions 197
6.7 References 198
7 Advanced membrane separation processes and
technology for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in
power plants 203
A. Basile and A. Iulianelli, Italian National Research Council, Italy,
F. Gallucci, University of Twente, the Netherlands, P. Morrone,
University of Calabria, Italy
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Cryogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) capture 208
7.3 Performance of membrane systems 213
7.4 Carbon dioxide (CO2) membrane materials and design 216
7.5 Membrane modules 221
7.6 Comparing membrane modules 223
7.7 Design for power plant integration 225
7.8 Cost considerations 232
7.9 Future trends and conclusions 234
7.10 Sources of further information and advice 236
7.11 References 238
viii Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
8 Gasification processes and synthesis gas treatment
technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture 243
C. Higman, Higman Consulting GmbH, Germany
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Basic principles 244
8.3 Applications 258
8.4 Building blocks for complete systems 261
8.5 Power plant as an example for a complete system 270
8.6 Advantages and limitations 273
8.7 Future trends 276
8.8 Sources of further information and advice 277
8.9 References 278
Part III Advanced combustion processes and technology
for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants
9 Oxyfuel combustion systems and technology for
carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in power plants 283
P. Mathieu, University of Liège, Belgium
9.1 Introduction 283
9.2 Basic principles of oxyfuel combustion 285
9.3 Technologies and potential applications 287
9.4 Advantages and limitations 307
9.5 Future trends 313
9.6 References 315
10 Advanced oxygen production systems for power
plants with integrated carbon dioxide (CO2) capture 320
S. C. Kluiters, R. W. van den Brink and W. G. Haije, Energy
research Centre of the Netherlands, the Netherlands
10.1 Introduction 320
10.2 Technologies for air separation 322
10.3 Oxygen selective membrane technology for oxyfuel power
plants 326
10.4 Power generation systems integrated with oxygen selective
membrane (OSM) units 331
10.5 Advantages and limitations 347
10.6 Future trends 352
10.7 Sources of further information and advice 352
10.8 Conclusions 353
10.9 References 354
Contents ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
11 Chemical-looping combustion systems and
technology for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture in
power plants 358
E. J. Anthony, CANMET Energy Technology Centre-Ottawa,
Canada
11.1 Introduction 358
11.2 Basic principles 359
11.3 Technologies and potential applications 362
11.4 Advantages and limitations of chemical-looping
combustion (CLC) for natural gas and syngas 364
11.5 Hydrogen manufacture using chemical-looping
combustion (CLC) 366
11.6 The use of chemical-looping combustion (CLC)
technology with solid fuels 368
11.7 The CaS–CaSO4 system 371
11.8 Future trends 373
11.9 Sources of further information and advice 374
11.10 References 374
Part IV Carbon dioxide (CO2) compression, transport and
injection processes and technology
12 Gas purification, compression and liquefaction
processes and technology for carbon dioxide (CO2)
transport 383
A. Aspelund, The Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway
12.1 Introduction 383
12.2 Selection of transport pressures 385
12.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2) quality recommendations for
transport in pipelines and by ship 386
12.4 Overview and basic building blocks in carbon dioxide
(CO2) transport processes 387
12.5 Sensitivity analysis 395
12.6 The interface between capture and transport 400
12.7 Ship to pipeline and pipeline to ship processes 402
12.8 Discussion 403
12.9 Future trends and future work 404
12.10 Conclusions 405
12.11 Acknowledgements 405
12.12 References 405
x Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
13 Infrastructure and pipeline technology for carbon
dioxide (CO2) transport 408
P. N. Seevam, J. M. Race, and M. J. Downie, Newcastle University, UK
13.1 Introduction 408
13.2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) phase properties 409
13.3 Transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) by pipeline 414
13.4 Transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) by ship 423
13.5 Transport economics 425
13.6 Large-scale transport infrastructure 425
13.7 Discussion 428
13.8 Future trends and future work 429
13.9 Conclusions 429
13.10 Sources of further information and advice 430
13.11 Acknowledgements 430
13.12 References 431
14 Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection processes and
technology 435
S. Solomon and T. Flach, DNV – Research and Innovation, Norway
14.1 Introduction 435
14.2 Underground fluid injection 436
14.3 Analogues for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and best
practices from other sectors 437
14.4 Injection well technologies 438
14.5 Controlling parameters for carbon dioxide (CO2) injectivity 441
14.6 Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection in different storage
formations 449
14.7 Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection field operations 451
14.8 Injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) and well integrity 453
14.9 Technologies for monitoring injection well integrity 459
14.10 Future trends 462
14.11 Sources of further information and advice 462
14.12 Acknowledgements 463
14.13 References 463
Part V Industrial applications of carbon dioxide (CO2)
capture and storage technology
15 Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage
technology in the cement and concrete industry 469
S. Ghoshal, McGill University, Canada, F. Zeman, New York
Institute of Technology, USA
15.1 Introduction 469
Contents xi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
15.2 Basic principles 470
15.3 Capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from cement plants 472
15.4 Accelerated carbon dioxide (CO2) curing of concrete 479
15.5 Future trends 486
15.6 Conclusions 487
15.7 Sources of further information and advice 488
15.8 References 489
16 Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage
technology in the iron and steel industry 492
J-P. Birat, Arcelor Mittal, France
16.1 Introduction 492
16.2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the steel sector 493
16.3 Strategies to control carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
from the steel sector 497
16.4 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for the steel sector 503
16.5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies for the steel
sector 504
16.6 Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage for the steel sector 509
16.7 Perspectives on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) abatement in the steel sector 515
16.8 Conclusions 517
16.9 Acknowledgements 518
16.10 Sources of further information and advice 518
16.11 References 518
Index 523
xii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Chapter 1
Dr Steve Bouzalakos and Professor
M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer*
Centre for Innovation in Carbon
Capture and Storage (CICCS)
Faculty of Engineering
The University of Nottingham
University Park
Nottingham
NG7 2RD
UK
Email: mercedes.maroto-valer@
nottingham.ac.uk
Chapter 2
Dr Joan Ogden*
Professor, Environmental Science
and Policy Department
Director, Sustainable
Transportation Energy Pathways
Program
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue
Davis
CA 95616
USA
Email: [email protected]
Contributor contact details
Mr Nils Johnson
Graduate Research Assistant
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California, Davis
One Shields Avenue
Davis
CA 95616
USA
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 3
Heleen de Coninck*, Marjolein
de Best-Waldhober and Heleen
Groenenberg
Energy research Centre of the
Netherlands (ECN)
Unit Policy Studies
Radarweg 60
1043 NT Amsterdam
the Netherlands
Email: [email protected]
(* = main contact)
xiii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Chapter 4
A. Elkamel, H. Mirzaesmaeeli, E.
Croiset and P.L. Douglas*
Department of Chemical
Engineering
University of Waterloo
200 University Avenue West
Waterloo
Ontario
N2L 3G1
Canada
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 5
Professor Umberto Desideri
Dipartimento di Ingegneria
Industriale
Università degli Studi di Perugia
Via Duranti, 93
06125 Perugia
Italy
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 6
Robert M. Davidson
IEA Clean Coal Centre
Gemini House
10-18 Putney Hill
London
SW15 6AA
UK
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 7
Angelo Basile* and Adolfo
Iulianelli
Institute on Membrane Technology
Italian National Research Council
Via Pietro Bucci
Cubo 17/C
c/o University of Calabria
87030 Rende (CS)
Italy
Email: [email protected]
Fausto Gallucci
Fundamentals of Chemical
Reaction Engineering
IMPACT, Faculty of Science and
Technology
University of Twente
P.O. Box 217
NL-7500 AE
Enschede
the Netherlands
Email: [email protected]
Pietropaolo Morrone
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Via Pietro Bucci
Cubo 44/C
University of Calabria
87030 Rende (CS)
Italy
xiv Contributor contact details