Liquid-vapor phase-change phenomena : an introduction to the thermophysics of vaporization and condensation processes in heat transfer equipment

#

Liquid-Vapor

Phase-Change

Phenomena

• r -,

Second Edition • -

• %

■■

Thu Vten DHKTCN-TN

K N V .1 4 0 0 1 0 4 1

Vice President

Editor

Editorial Assistant

Senior Publisher UK

Production Editor

Proofreader

Cover Designer

Typesetter

Printer

Denise Schanck

Summers Scholl

Alex Engels

Jackie Harbor

Simon Hill

Sally Huish

Lisa LanghofT

Keytec Typesetting Ltd.

Sheridan Books, Inc.

< 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprintued

material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety o f references ;a.re

listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but ttlhe

author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity o f all materials or for ttlhe

consequences o f their use.

No part o f this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by auny

electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy￾ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, withcomt

written permission from the publishers.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,

and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN 978-1-59169-035-1

1. Heat exchangers. 2. Change o f state (Physics) 3. Evaporation. 4. Condensation. I. Title.

TJ263.C37 2007

621.402’2-dc22

Published in 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC,

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA and

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK.

Printed in the United States o f America on acid-free paper.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 1-59169-035-8

978-1-59169-035-1

;

Library o f Congress Cat a I ogi ng- i n - Pi i hi i cat in n Data

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

200703877:26

CONTENTS

Preface xi

Nomenclature xiii

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS xix

PART 1 THERMODYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF

INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA AND PHASE TRANSITIONS

1 THE LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACTAL REGION -

A NANOSCALE PERSPECTIVE 3

1.1 A Molecular Perspective on Liquid-Vapor Transitions 3

1.2 The Interfacial Region - Molecular Theories o f Capillarity 13

1.3 Nanoscale Features o f the Interfacial Region 20

1 .4 Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies o f Interfacial Region

Thermophysics 29

References 34

Problems 36

2 THE LIQUID-VAPOR INTERFACE -

A MACROSCOPIC TREATMENT 39

2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis o f Interfacial Tension Effects 39

2.2 Determination o f Interface Shapes at Equilibrium 46

2.3 Temperature and Surfactant Effects on Interfacial Tension 53

2.4 Surface Tension in Mixtures 56

2.5 Near Critical Point Behavior 58

2 . 0 Effects o f Interfacial Tension Gradients 60

References 6 8

Problems 69

viii CONTENTS

3 W ETTIN G PH EN O M EN A AND CONTACT A N GLES 7;

3.1 Equilibrium Contact Angles on Smooth Surfaces 7'

3.2 Wettability, Cohesion, and Adhesion 7fr

3.3 The Effect o f Liquid Surface Tension on Contact Angle 8 '

3.4 Adsorption 8 t

3.5 Spread Thin Films 8 "

3.6 Contact Angle Hysteresis 9'

3.7 Other Metrics for Wettability 9C

3.8 A Nanoscale View o f Wettability 102

References 10-

Problems 105

4 TRANSPORT EFFECTS AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

AT INTERFACES 10"

4.1 Transport Boundary Conditions H r

4.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities 112

4.3 Interface Stability o f Liquid Jets 121

4.4 Waves on Liquid Films 12$

4.5 Interfacial Resistance in Vaporization and Condensation Processes 134

4.6 M axim um Flux Limitations 143

References 147

Problems 14$

5 PHASE STABILITY AND HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION 151

5.1 Metastable States and Phase Stability 151

5.2 Therm odynam ic Aspects o f Homogeneous Nucléation in

Superheated Liquid 164

5.3 The Kinetic Limit o f Superheat 172

5.4 Com parison o f Theoretical and M easured Superheat Limits 177

5.5 Thermodynamic Aspects o f Homogeneous Nuclcation in

Supercooled Vapor 182

5.6 The Kinetic Limit o f Supersaturation 186

5.7 Wall Interaction Effects on Homogeneous Nucléation 192

References 196

Problems 197

PART 2 BOILING AND C O N D EN SA TIO N NE A R IM M E R SE D

BODIES

6 HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION AND BUBBLE GROWTH

IN LIQUIDS 203

6 .1 Heterogeneous Nucléation at a Sm ooth Interface 203

6.2 Nucléation from Entrapped Gas or Vapor in Cavities 2 1 0

6.3 Criteria for the Onset o f Nucleate Boiling 220

6.4 Bubble Growth in an Extensive Liquid Pool 226