Linux complete command reference

i Introduction

gr11 Linux Complete Command Reference 31104-6 christy 11.6.97 FM lp3

201 West 103rd Street

Indianapolis, Indiana 46290

LINUX COMPLETE

Command Reference

For more information on the Linux operating system and

Red Hat Software, Inc., check http://www.redhat.com.

Compiled by J. Purcell

Red Hat Software, Inc.

President Richard K. Swadley

Publisher and Director of Acquisitions Jordan Gold

Director of Product Development Dean Miller

Managing Editor Kitty Wilson Jarrett

Indexing Manager Johnna L. VanHoose

Director of Marketing Kelli S. Spencer

Associate Product Marketing Manager Jennifer Pock

Marketing Coordinator Linda Beckwith

COPYRIGHT © 1997 BY RED HAT SOFTWARE, INC.

FIRST EDITION

All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No

patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained

herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this

book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.

Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the

information contained herein. For information, address Sams Publishing, 201

W. 103rd St., Indianapolis, IN 46290.

International Standard Book Number: 0-672-31104-6

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-66202

2000 99 98 97 4 3 2 1

Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the

year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the book’s

printing. For example, a printing code of 97-1 shows that the first printing of the

book occurred in 1997.

Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing

Printed in the United States of America

TRADEMARKS

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service

marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the

accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded

as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

Acquisitions Editor

Grace M. Buechlein

Development Editor

Brian Proffitt

Software Development Specialist

Jack Belbot

Production Editor

Kitty Wilson Jarrett

Kate Shoup Welsh

Copy Editors

Kimberly K. Hannel

Carolyn Linn

Kristine Simmons

Indexer

Christine L. Nelsen

Technical Reviewer

Bill Ball

Editorial Coordinators

Mandie Rowell

Katie Wise

Technical Edit Coordinator

Lynette Quinn

Editorial Assistants

Carol Ackerman

Andi Richter

Rhonda Tinch-Mize

Karen Williams

Cover Designer

Karen Ruggles

Book Designer

Ann Jones

Copy Writer

David Reichwein

Production Team Supervisor

Beth Lewis

Production Team

Erin Danielson, Bryan Flores,

DiMonique Ford, Julie Geeting,

Kay Hoskin, Christy M. Lemasters,

Tony McDonald, Darlena Murray,

Julie Searls, Sossity Smith

Overview

Part I

User Commands 2

Part II

System Calls 738

Part III

Library Functions 892

Part IV

Special Files 1064

Part V

File Formats 1104

Part VI

Games 1210

Part VII

Miscellaneous 1214

Part VIII

Administration and Privileged Commands 1258

Part IX

Kernel Reference Guide 1424

Index

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Part I User Commands

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 2

addftinfo ............................................................................................................... 2

afmtodit ................................................................................................................ 2

ansi2knr ................................................................................................................ 4

anytopnm ............................................................................................................. 4

appres ................................................................................................................... 5

ar .......................................................................................................................... 5

arch ....................................................................................................................... 8

GNU as ................................................................................................................ 8

asciitopgm........................................................................................................... 10

atktopbm ............................................................................................................ 10

bash .................................................................................................................... 11

bdftopcf .............................................................................................................. 47

beforelight ........................................................................................................... 47

biff ...................................................................................................................... 48

bioradtopgm ....................................................................................................... 48

bitmap, bmtoa, atobm ........................................................................................ 49

bmptoppm .......................................................................................................... 57

brushtopbm ........................................................................................................ 57

cal ....................................................................................................................... 58

cat ....................................................................................................................... 58

chattr .................................................................................................................. 59

chfn .................................................................................................................... 60

chgrp................................................................................................................... 61

chkdupexe ........................................................................................................... 61

chmod................................................................................................................. 61

chown ................................................................................................................. 62

chsh .................................................................................................................... 63

ci ......................................................................................................................... 64

cidentd ................................................................................................................ 69

cksum ................................................................................................................. 70

clear .................................................................................................................... 70

cmuwmtopbm .................................................................................................... 71

co ........................................................................................................................ 71

col ....................................................................................................................... 76

colcrt................................................................................................................... 77

colrm .................................................................................................................. 77

column................................................................................................................ 78

comm.................................................................................................................. 78

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convdate.............................................................................................................. 79

cp ........................................................................................................................ 80

cccp, cpp ............................................................................................................. 81

crontab................................................................................................................ 84

csplit ................................................................................................................... 85

ctags .................................................................................................................... 87

cu ........................................................................................................................ 88

cut ...................................................................................................................... 90

cvs ....................................................................................................................... 91

date ................................................................................................................... 106

dd ..................................................................................................................... 108

depmod, modprobe........................................................................................... 109

df ...................................................................................................................... 112

dig .................................................................................................................... 113

dnsquery ........................................................................................................... 117

domainname ..................................................................................................... 119

dsplit ................................................................................................................. 119

du ..................................................................................................................... 120

editres ............................................................................................................... 121

elvis, ex, vi, view, input ..................................................................................... 126

elvprsv ............................................................................................................... 128

elvrec................................................................................................................. 129

emacs ................................................................................................................ 130

emacstool .......................................................................................................... 134

etags .................................................................................................................. 135

expand .............................................................................................................. 137

find ................................................................................................................... 137

fitstopnm .......................................................................................................... 142

fmt .................................................................................................................... 143

fold ................................................................................................................... 143

free .................................................................................................................... 144

fsinfo ................................................................................................................. 145

fslsfonts ............................................................................................................. 145

fstobdf............................................................................................................... 146

fstopgm ............................................................................................................. 147

ftp ..................................................................................................................... 147

fuser .................................................................................................................. 154

g++.................................................................................................................... 155

g3topbm ........................................................................................................... 160

gawk ................................................................................................................. 161

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gcal ................................................................................................................... 173

gcc, g++............................................................................................................. 174

gemtopbm ........................................................................................................ 201

geqn .................................................................................................................. 202

getlist ................................................................................................................ 206

getopt................................................................................................................ 207

giftopnm ........................................................................................................... 208

gindxbib ............................................................................................................ 209

glookbib ............................................................................................................ 210

gnroff ................................................................................................................ 210

gouldtoppm ...................................................................................................... 211

gpic ................................................................................................................... 211

gprof ................................................................................................................. 216

grefer................................................................................................................. 217

grep, egrep, fgrep .............................................................................................. 224

grephistory ........................................................................................................ 226

grodvi ............................................................................................................... 227

groff .................................................................................................................. 228

grog .................................................................................................................. 230

grops ................................................................................................................. 230

grotty ................................................................................................................ 235

gsoelim.............................................................................................................. 236

gtbl ................................................................................................................... 236

gtroff ................................................................................................................. 237

gzip, gunzip, zcatgzip, gunzip, zcat .................................................................... 248

gzexe ................................................................................................................. 252

head .................................................................................................................. 253

hexdump ........................................................................................................... 254

hipstopgm ......................................................................................................... 256

host ................................................................................................................... 257

hostid ................................................................................................................ 258

hostname .......................................................................................................... 259

hpcdtoppm v0.3 ................................................................................................ 260

httpd ................................................................................................................. 261

icontopbm ........................................................................................................ 262

ident ................................................................................................................. 262

ilbmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 263

imake ................................................................................................................ 264

imgtoppm ......................................................................................................... 267

inews ................................................................................................................. 267

info ................................................................................................................... 269

innconfval ......................................................................................................... 270

insmod .............................................................................................................. 271

install ................................................................................................................ 272

installit .............................................................................................................. 273

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ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin ......................... 274

join ................................................................................................................... 282

kill .................................................................................................................... 283

killall ................................................................................................................. 284

ksyms ................................................................................................................ 284

last .................................................................................................................... 285

lbxproxy ............................................................................................................ 286

ld ...................................................................................................................... 287

lispmtopgm ....................................................................................................... 292

lkbib ................................................................................................................. 292

ln ...................................................................................................................... 293

lndir .................................................................................................................. 294

locate ................................................................................................................ 295

logger ................................................................................................................ 295

login.................................................................................................................. 296

look................................................................................................................... 297

lpq .................................................................................................................... 298

lpr ..................................................................................................................... 299

lprm .................................................................................................................. 301

lptest ................................................................................................................. 302

ls, dir, vdir......................................................................................................... 303

lsattr .................................................................................................................. 304

lsmod ................................................................................................................ 305

lynx ................................................................................................................... 306

macptopbm ....................................................................................................... 309

make ................................................................................................................. 310

makedepend ...................................................................................................... 312

makestrs ............................................................................................................ 314

mattrib .............................................................................................................. 315

mbadblocks ....................................................................................................... 316

mcd................................................................................................................... 316

mcookie ............................................................................................................ 317

mcopy ............................................................................................................... 317

md5sum ............................................................................................................ 318

mdel .................................................................................................................. 318

mdeltree ............................................................................................................ 319

mdir .................................................................................................................. 319

merge ................................................................................................................ 320

mesg.................................................................................................................. 321

mformat ............................................................................................................ 321

mgrtopbm ......................................................................................................... 322

mkdir ................................................................................................................ 323

mkdirhier .......................................................................................................... 323

mkfifo ............................................................................................................... 323

mkmanifest ....................................................................................................... 324

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mknod .............................................................................................................. 325

mlabel ............................................................................................................... 325

mmd ................................................................................................................. 326

mmount ............................................................................................................ 326

mmove .............................................................................................................. 327

more ................................................................................................................. 327

mrd ................................................................................................................... 329

mread................................................................................................................ 329

mren ................................................................................................................. 329

mtest ................................................................................................................. 330

mtools ............................................................................................................... 330

mtvtoppm ......................................................................................................... 333

mtype................................................................................................................ 333

mv .................................................................................................................... 334

mwrite .............................................................................................................. 335

namei ................................................................................................................ 335

newaliases .......................................................................................................... 336

newgrp .............................................................................................................. 336

nl ...................................................................................................................... 337

nlmconv ............................................................................................................ 338

nm .................................................................................................................... 339

nntpget ............................................................................................................. 340

objcopy ............................................................................................................. 341

objdump ........................................................................................................... 342

oclock ............................................................................................................... 344

od ..................................................................................................................... 345

passwd .............................................................................................................. 346

paste.................................................................................................................. 347

pbmclean .......................................................................................................... 348

pbmfilters.......................................................................................................... 348

pbmlife ............................................................................................................. 352

pbmmake .......................................................................................................... 353

pbmmask .......................................................................................................... 353

pbmpscale ......................................................................................................... 354

pbmreduce ........................................................................................................ 355

pbmtext ............................................................................................................ 355

pbmto10x ......................................................................................................... 356

pbmto4425 ....................................................................................................... 357

pbmtoascii ........................................................................................................ 357

pbmtoatk .......................................................................................................... 358

pbmtobg ........................................................................................................... 358

pbmtocmuwm .................................................................................................. 358

pbmtoepsi ......................................................................................................... 359

pbmtoepson ...................................................................................................... 359

pbmtog3 ........................................................................................................... 360

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pbmtogem ........................................................................................................ 360

pbmtogo ........................................................................................................... 360

pbmtoicon ........................................................................................................ 361

pbmtolj ............................................................................................................. 361

pbmtoln03 ........................................................................................................ 362

pbmtolps ........................................................................................................... 362

pbmtomacp ....................................................................................................... 363

pbmtomgr ......................................................................................................... 363

pbmtopgm ........................................................................................................ 364

pbmtopi3 .......................................................................................................... 364

pbmtopk ........................................................................................................... 364

pbmtoplot ......................................................................................................... 365

pbmtoptx .......................................................................................................... 366

pbmtox10bm .................................................................................................... 366

pbmtoxbm ........................................................................................................ 367

pgmtoybm ........................................................................................................ 367

pbmtozinc ......................................................................................................... 367

pbmupc ............................................................................................................ 368

pcxtoppm .......................................................................................................... 368

pfbtops .............................................................................................................. 369

pgmbentley ....................................................................................................... 369

pgmcrater .......................................................................................................... 370

pgmedge ........................................................................................................... 371

pgmenhance ...................................................................................................... 371

pgmhist ............................................................................................................. 372

pgmkernel ......................................................................................................... 372

pgmnoise .......................................................................................................... 373

pgmnorm .......................................................................................................... 373

pgmoil .............................................................................................................. 374

pgmramp .......................................................................................................... 374

pgmtexture ........................................................................................................ 375

pgmtofs ............................................................................................................. 376

pgmtolispm ....................................................................................................... 376

pgmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 377

pgmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 378

pi1toppm .......................................................................................................... 378

pi3topbm .......................................................................................................... 379

picttoppm ......................................................................................................... 379

pjtoppm ............................................................................................................ 381

pktopbm ........................................................................................................... 381

pnmalias............................................................................................................ 381

pnmarith ........................................................................................................... 382

pnmcat.............................................................................................................. 383

pnmcomp ......................................................................................................... 383

pnmconvol ........................................................................................................ 384

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pnmcrop ........................................................................................................... 385

pnmcut ............................................................................................................. 385

pnmdepth ......................................................................................................... 385

pnmenlarge ....................................................................................................... 386

pnmfile ............................................................................................................. 386

pnmflip ............................................................................................................. 387

pnmgamma ....................................................................................................... 387

pnmhistmap ...................................................................................................... 388

pnmindex .......................................................................................................... 388

pnminvert ......................................................................................................... 389

pnmmargin ....................................................................................................... 389

pnmnlfilt........................................................................................................... 390

pnmnoraw ........................................................................................................ 391

pnmpad ............................................................................................................ 392

pnmpaste .......................................................................................................... 392

pnmrotate ......................................................................................................... 393

pnmscale ........................................................................................................... 393

pnmshear .......................................................................................................... 394

pnmsmooth ...................................................................................................... 395

pnmtile ............................................................................................................. 395

pnmtoddif......................................................................................................... 396

pnmtofits .......................................................................................................... 396

pnmtops............................................................................................................ 397

pnmtorast ......................................................................................................... 398

pnmtosgi ........................................................................................................... 398

pnmtosir ........................................................................................................... 399

pnmtotiff .......................................................................................................... 399

pnmtoxwd ........................................................................................................ 400

ppm3d .............................................................................................................. 400

ppmbrighten ..................................................................................................... 401

ppmchange ....................................................................................................... 401

ppmdim ............................................................................................................ 402

ppmdist............................................................................................................. 402

ppmdither ......................................................................................................... 403

ppmflash ........................................................................................................... 404

ppmforge .......................................................................................................... 404

ppmhist............................................................................................................. 408

ppmmake .......................................................................................................... 408

ppmmix ............................................................................................................ 408

ppmnorm .......................................................................................................... 409

ppmntsc ............................................................................................................ 409

ppmpat ............................................................................................................. 410

ppmquant ......................................................................................................... 411

ppmquantall...................................................................................................... 412

ppmqvga ........................................................................................................... 412

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ppmrelief .......................................................................................................... 413

ppmshift ........................................................................................................... 413

ppmspread ........................................................................................................ 414

ppmtoacad ........................................................................................................ 414

ppmtobmp ........................................................................................................ 416

ppmtogif ........................................................................................................... 416

ppmtoicr ........................................................................................................... 417

ppmtoilbm ........................................................................................................ 418

ppmtomap ........................................................................................................ 419

ppmtomitsu ...................................................................................................... 420

ppmtopcx .......................................................................................................... 421

ppmtopgm ........................................................................................................ 421

ppmtopi1 .......................................................................................................... 422

ppmtopict ......................................................................................................... 422

ppmtopj ............................................................................................................ 423

ppmtopjxl ......................................................................................................... 424

ppmtopuzz ........................................................................................................ 424

ppmtorgb3 ........................................................................................................ 425

ppmtosixel ........................................................................................................ 425

ppmtotga .......................................................................................................... 426

ppmtouil ........................................................................................................... 427

ppmtoxpm ........................................................................................................ 427

ppmtoyuv ......................................................................................................... 428

ppmtoyuvsplit ................................................................................................... 428

pr ...................................................................................................................... 429

ps ...................................................................................................................... 430

psbb .................................................................................................................. 433

psidtopgm ......................................................................................................... 433

pstopnm............................................................................................................ 434

pstree ................................................................................................................ 435

psupdate ........................................................................................................... 436

qrttoppm .......................................................................................................... 436

quota................................................................................................................. 437

ranlib ................................................................................................................ 437

rasttopnm ......................................................................................................... 438

rawtopgm .......................................................................................................... 439

rawtoppm ......................................................................................................... 439

rcp .................................................................................................................... 440

rcs ..................................................................................................................... 441

rcsclean ............................................................................................................. 443

rcsdiff ................................................................................................................ 445

rcsfreeze ............................................................................................................ 446

rcsintro ............................................................................................................. 447

rcsmerge ............................................................................................................ 449

rdist .................................................................................................................. 451

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reconfig ............................................................................................................. 454

ref ..................................................................................................................... 455

reset .................................................................................................................. 456

resize ................................................................................................................. 456

rev ..................................................................................................................... 457

rgb3toppm ........................................................................................................ 457

rlog ................................................................................................................... 458

rlogin ................................................................................................................ 460

rm ..................................................................................................................... 461

rmdir ................................................................................................................ 462

rmmod .............................................................................................................. 462

rnews ................................................................................................................ 463

rpcgen ............................................................................................................... 464

rsh ..................................................................................................................... 466

rstart ................................................................................................................. 467

rstartd ............................................................................................................... 468

rup .................................................................................................................... 472

rusers ................................................................................................................ 472

rwall .................................................................................................................. 473

rwho ................................................................................................................. 474

script ................................................................................................................. 474

sed .................................................................................................................... 475

sessreg ............................................................................................................... 480

setterm .............................................................................................................. 482

sgitopnm ........................................................................................................... 483

shar ................................................................................................................... 484

shlock................................................................................................................ 487

showrgb ............................................................................................................ 488

shrinkfile ........................................................................................................... 488

sirtopnm ........................................................................................................... 488

size .................................................................................................................... 489

sldtoppm ........................................................................................................... 490

smproxy ............................................................................................................ 491

sort.................................................................................................................... 492

spctoppm .......................................................................................................... 494

split ................................................................................................................... 494

spottopgm ......................................................................................................... 495

sputoppm .......................................................................................................... 495

sq ...................................................................................................................... 496

startx ................................................................................................................. 496

strings ............................................................................................................... 498

strip .................................................................................................................. 499

subst ................................................................................................................. 500

sum ................................................................................................................... 501

SuperProbe ....................................................................................................... 501

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tac ..................................................................................................................... 503

tail .................................................................................................................... 504

talk .................................................................................................................... 505

tcal .................................................................................................................... 506

telnet ................................................................................................................. 507

tfmtodit ............................................................................................................ 513

tftp .................................................................................................................... 514

tgatoppm .......................................................................................................... 515

tifftopnm .......................................................................................................... 515

tin, rtin, cdtin, tind ........................................................................................... 516

tload.................................................................................................................. 533

top .................................................................................................................... 533

touch ................................................................................................................ 536

tr ....................................................................................................................... 536

tset, reset ........................................................................................................... 539

tsort .................................................................................................................. 542

twm .................................................................................................................. 542

txt2gcal ............................................................................................................. 558

ul ...................................................................................................................... 558

unexpand .......................................................................................................... 559

uniq .................................................................................................................. 560

unshar ............................................................................................................... 560

updatedb ........................................................................................................... 561

uptime .............................................................................................................. 562

userlist............................................................................................................... 563

uucp .................................................................................................................. 563

uuencode .......................................................................................................... 565

uustat ................................................................................................................ 566

uux.................................................................................................................... 569

uuxqt ................................................................................................................ 572

w ....................................................................................................................... 573

wall ................................................................................................................... 574

wc ..................................................................................................................... 574

whereis .............................................................................................................. 575

write.................................................................................................................. 576

x11perf.............................................................................................................. 577

x11perfcomp ..................................................................................................... 585

xargs .................................................................................................................. 586

xauth ................................................................................................................. 587

xbmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 592

xcmsdb.............................................................................................................. 592

xclock ................................................................................................................ 593

xclipboard ......................................................................................................... 595

xconsole ............................................................................................................ 597

xcutsel ............................................................................................................... 598

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xdm .................................................................................................................. 599

xdpyinfo............................................................................................................ 614

Xf86_Accel ....................................................................................................... 614

XF86_Mono ..................................................................................................... 624

XF86_SVGA .................................................................................................... 627

XF86_VGA16 .................................................................................................. 631

xf86config ......................................................................................................... 633

xfd .................................................................................................................... 633

XFree86 ............................................................................................................ 636

xfs ..................................................................................................................... 641

xhost ................................................................................................................. 643

xieperf ............................................................................................................... 645

ximtoppm ......................................................................................................... 654

xinetd ................................................................................................................ 655

xinit .................................................................................................................. 664

xkill ................................................................................................................... 666

xlogo ................................................................................................................. 667

xlsatoms ............................................................................................................ 668

xlsclients............................................................................................................ 669

xlsfonts.............................................................................................................. 670

xmag ................................................................................................................. 671

xmkmf .............................................................................................................. 672

xmodmap .......................................................................................................... 672

xon.................................................................................................................... 676

xpmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 677

xprop ................................................................................................................ 677

xrdb .................................................................................................................. 681

xrefresh ............................................................................................................. 684

Xserver .............................................................................................................. 685

xset.................................................................................................................... 690

xsetroot ............................................................................................................. 693

xsm ................................................................................................................... 694

xsmclient ........................................................................................................... 698

xstdcmap ........................................................................................................... 699

xterm ................................................................................................................ 700

Xvfb .................................................................................................................. 717

xvidtune ............................................................................................................ 719

xvminitoppm .................................................................................................... 720

xwd ................................................................................................................... 721

xwdtopnm ........................................................................................................ 722

xwininfo ............................................................................................................ 722

xwud ................................................................................................................. 725

ybmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 726

ytalk .................................................................................................................. 727

yuvplittoppm .................................................................................................... 730

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yuvtoppm ......................................................................................................... 731

zcmp, zdiff ........................................................................................................ 731

zeisstopnm ........................................................................................................ 732

zforce ................................................................................................................ 732

zgrep ................................................................................................................. 733

zmore ................................................................................................................ 733

znew.................................................................................................................. 734

Part II System Calls

intro .................................................................................................................. 738

exit .................................................................................................................... 739

accept ................................................................................................................ 740

access ................................................................................................................ 741

acct ................................................................................................................... 742

adjtimex ............................................................................................................ 742

alarm ................................................................................................................. 744

bdflush .............................................................................................................. 744

bind .................................................................................................................. 745

brk, sbrk............................................................................................................ 746

cacheflush ......................................................................................................... 746

chdir, fchdir ...................................................................................................... 747

chmod, fchmod ................................................................................................. 748

chown, fchown ................................................................................................. 749

chroot ............................................................................................................... 750

clone ................................................................................................................. 751

close .................................................................................................................. 752

connect ............................................................................................................. 752

dup, dup2 ......................................................................................................... 753

execve................................................................................................................ 754

fcntl .................................................................................................................. 755

fdatasync ........................................................................................................... 756

flock .................................................................................................................. 757

fork, vfork ......................................................................................................... 758

fsync ................................................................................................................. 758

getdents ............................................................................................................ 759

getdomainname, setdomainname ...................................................................... 760

getdtablesize ...................................................................................................... 760

getgid, getegid ................................................................................................... 761

getgroups, setgroups .......................................................................................... 761

gethostid, sethostid ........................................................................................... 762

gethostname, sethostname ................................................................................. 763

getitimer, setitimer ............................................................................................ 763

getpagesize ........................................................................................................ 765

getpeername ...................................................................................................... 765

getpid, getppid .................................................................................................. 766

getpriority, setpriority ....................................................................................... 766