Legislative implementation by VietNam of its obligations under the united nations drug control conventions

Faculty of Law

Legislative Implementation by Vietnam of Its Obligations under the

United Nations Drug Control Conventions

Hoa Phuong Thi Nguyen

This thesis is presented as full requirements for the award of a

PhD

at the University of Wollongong

August 2007

i

CERTIFICATION

I, Hoa Phuong Thi Nguyen, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Law,

University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or

acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other

academic institution.

Hoa Phuong Thi Nguyen

31 July 2007

ii

ABSTRACT

Lying across many important traffic routes in South-East Asia and located within the

proximity of the Golden Triangle, Vietnam has become an international transit point

for illicit drugs. The availability of drugs smuggled from its neighbouring countries

has brought about an alarming increase in drug abuse in the whole country, and

especially among the youth. Having a tropical monsoon climate, it has also

traditionally faced the problems of opium poppy cultivation and opium smoking

among the ethnic populations in its mountainous and upland areas. In 1997, with the

ratification of the three UN Drug Control Conventions,1 Vietnam officially stepped

into the international battle against illicit drugs. Becoming a Party to the

Conventions, it came under obligations to bring domestic legislation into line with

international standards. This Thesis examines, in-depth, the legal framework for drug

control in Vietnam adopted in the years since it became a Party to the UN Drug

Control Conventions. The Thesis first defines the obligations of Parties under these

Conventions and then compares and analyzes strengths and weaknesses of

Vietnamese legislation implementing the obligations.

The contributions made by this Thesis to the field of drug control research are two￾fold. First, it contributes a new understanding of Vietnamese successes and

shortcomings in drug control laws that implement international obligations and

identifies opportunities for improvement of the national drug control legal

framework. Secondly, the success of international drug control mechanisms depends

heavily on implementation by the individual contracting Parties. Yet state

implementation in accordance with national legislation and institution capabilities

varies considerably. This case study of Vietnamese implementation is useful for

furthering understanding of the transformation of drug control international standards

into national law, especially in developing countries having similar legal, social and

economic features, such as are found in Indo-China.

1

I.e. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, opened for signature 30 March 1961 (entered into force

13 December 1964); Convention on Psychotropic Substances, opened for signature 21 February 1971

(entered into force 16 August 1976) and Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and

Psychotropic Substances, opened for signature 20 December 1988 (entered into force 11 November

1990).

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Leaving behind a beloved family to travel abroad for fulltime PhD research is truly a

very hard undertaking. I could not have departed on this journey if my husband had not

given me strong encouragement, originating from his profound understanding of my

desire for further study. Therefore, I am deeply in debt to his love.

During the completion of necessary procedures for this travel, I was greatly supported

by a teacher whom I much respect, Mr. Xuan Te, and my kind-hearted managers, Mr.

Quang De and Mrs. Hoang Hoa. Deeply in my heart, I would like them to know that

without their support I could not have continued this further study.

Doing research in Australia – a completely new academic environment – has not been

easy, but everything seemed to be much simpler working with Professor Gregory Rose

who is my principal supervisor. Since our first meeting, I have much admired him for his

critical and logical views. His comments and clear guidelines have led me to stronger

arguments on the subjects studied. From the bottom of my heart, I profoundly appreciate

the supervision of Prof. Rose of my research project.

I am also grateful to have been under the co-supervision of Associate Professor Doug

McKinnon who is a director of the Centre for Transnational Crime Prevention. Although

not focusing in detail upon each issue raised, his overall comments helpfully widened my

views. I am especially grateful for his support in the form of arrangements for various

social activities during the time I studied in Wollongong.

In addition, I greatly appreciate the help of Mr. Peter Moore with editing my Thesis. As

English is not my mother language, I unavoidably made a number of grammatical

mistakes and, in certain cases, did not express my views as well as I might. The edition

of Mr. Moore meaningfully helps me to have a well-written Thesis in English.

Personally, I could not have spent my time fully on my research but for my dear sisters.

While I was away from home, my older and younger sisters kindly looked after our

father so that I was able to concentrate on the research. They have also insistently

encouraged me to keep going with the work. Their selfless devotion to me is always in

my heart. And finally, special thanks are given to some of my friends in Australia: Tracy

Wood, Aladine Magareih, Ong Tom and Ba Francie. Their friendship has been truly

meaningful to me personally.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................iv

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1

1. 1 Background .................................................................................................. 1

1. 2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................. 2

1. 3 Research Questions...................................................................................... 8

1. 4 Scope and Methodology............................................................................. 10

1. 5 Contributions of the Thesis........................................................................ 13

1. 6 Synopsis of the Thesis................................................................................ 14

2 VIETNAMESE CONTEXT FOR DRUG CONTROL...................................... 18

2. 1 General Data............................................................................................... 19

2.1.1 Location and Territory ....................................................................... 19

2.1.2 Climate ............................................................................................... 22

2.1.3 Population .......................................................................................... 23

2. 2 Political System.......................................................................................... 27

2.2.1 Communist Party................................................................................ 27

2.2.2 Mass Organizations............................................................................ 29

2. 3 State System............................................................................................... 30

2.3.1 National Assembly............................................................................. 30

2.3.2 President............................................................................................. 31

2.3.3 Government........................................................................................ 32

2.3.4 Prime Minister.................................................................................... 33

2.3.5 People‟s Council and People‟s Committee ........................................ 34

2.3.6 People‟s Courts.................................................................................. 35

2.3.7 People‟s Procuracy............................................................................. 36

2. 4 Vietnamese Legal System.......................................................................... 36

2.4.1 Overview............................................................................................ 36

2.4.2 The 1992 Constitution, amended in 2001 .......................................... 39

2.4.3 Sources of Law................................................................................... 39

v

2. 5 Economic and Social Changes over the Country....................................... 41

2.5.1 Doi Moi Policy - A Turn in the Country‟s Development .................. 42

2.5.2 Remaining Difficulties and Problems................................................ 46

2. 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 47

3 DRUG PROBLEMS IN VIETNAM AND VIETNAM‟S RATIFICATION OF

THE UN DRUG CONTROL CONVENTIONS........................................................ 49

3. 1 Drug Problems in Vietnam ........................................................................ 50

3.1.1 Historical Overview ........................................................................... 50

3.1.2 Drug Cultivation ................................................................................ 52

3.1.3 Drug Trafficking ................................................................................ 58

3.1.4 Drug Abuse ........................................................................................ 66

3. 2 Ratification of the Three United Nations Drug Control Conventions ....... 72

4 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ...................................................................... 79

4. 1 Controlled Substances under the UN Drug Control Conventions ............. 80

4.1.1 Defining the Controlled Substances: Enumerative Method............... 80

4.1.2 Narcotic Drugs under the 1961 Convention ...................................... 83

4.1.3 Psychotropic Substances under the 1971 Convention ....................... 86

4.1.4 Substances Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances under the 1988 Convention...................... 91

4. 2 Controlled Substances under Vietnamese Legislation............................... 96

4.2.1 Defining Controlled Substances: A Combination of Enumerative and

Descriptive Methods .......................................................................................... 96

4.2.2 Definition and Schedules of Narcotic Substances ........................... 101

4.2.3 Definition and Schedule of Precursors............................................. 108

4. 3 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 110

5 CONTROLS ON LICIT DRUG ACTIVITIES ............................................... 113

5. 1 Restrictions on the Cultivation of Drug-Producing Plants....................... 115

5.1.1 Restrictions on the Cultivation of Drug-Producing Plants under the

1961 Convention .............................................................................................. 115

5.1.2 Prohibition on the Cultivation of Drug-Producing Plants under

Vietnamese Legislation.................................................................................... 117

5. 2 Quantitative Restrictions in Licit Drug Activities ................................... 118

vi

5.2.1 Quantitative Restrictions under the Drug Control Conventions...... 118

5.2.2 Quantitative Restrictions in Licit Drug Activities under Vietnamese

Legislation........................................................................................................ 123

5. 3 Control of International Trade in Drugs: Import and Export Authorizations

128

5.3.1 Control of International Trade in Drugs under the Drug Control

Conventions ..................................................................................................... 128

5.3.2 Control of International Trade in Drugs under Vietnamese Legislation

131

5. 4 Licensing of Licit Drug Activities and Premises..................................... 134

5.4.1 Licensing under the Drug Control Conventions .............................. 134

5.4.2 Licensing under Vietnamese Legislation ......................................... 137

5. 5 Control on Persons Involved in Licit Drug Activities ............................. 140

5.5.1 Control on Persons under the Drug Control Conventions ............... 140

5.5.2 Control on Persons Involved in Licit Drug Activities under

Vietnamese Legislation.................................................................................... 142

5. 6 Medical Prescriptions............................................................................... 144

5.6.1 Medical Prescriptions under the Drug Control Conventions........... 144

5.6.2 Medical Prescriptions under Vietnamese Legislation...................... 146

5. 7 Label Warning.......................................................................................... 147

5.7.1 Label Warning under the Drug Control Conventions...................... 147

5.7.2 Label Warning under Vietnamese Legislation................................. 148

5. 8 Advertisement Limitation ........................................................................ 149

5.8.1 Advertisement Limitation under the Drug Control Conventions..... 149

5.8.2 Advertisement Limitation under Vietnamese Legislation ............... 150

5. 9 Record Keeping........................................................................................ 150

5.9.1 Record Keeping under the Drug Control Conventions.................... 150

5.9.2 Record Keeping under Vietnamese Legislation............................... 152

5. 10 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 154

6 CRIMINALIZATION OF DRUG-RELATED OFFENSES ........................... 161

6. 1 Drug-Related Offenses............................................................................. 162

6.1.1 Overview.......................................................................................... 162

vii

6.1.2 Supply-Related Offenses.................................................................. 165

6.1.3 Consumption-Related Offenses ....................................................... 183

6.1.4 Inchoate and Accessory Offenses .................................................... 189

6. 2 Penalties................................................................................................... 193

6.2.1 Penalties under the UN Drug Control Conventions......................... 193

6.2.2 Penalties under Vietnamese Legislation .......................................... 199

6. 3 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 207

7 JURISDICTION AND EXTRADITION......................................................... 216

7. 1 Jurisdiction over Drug-Related Offenses................................................. 217

7.1.1 Jurisdiction over Drug-Related Offenses under the UN Drug Control

Conventions ..................................................................................................... 217

7.1.2 Jurisdiction over Drug-Related Offenses under Vietnamese

Legislation........................................................................................................ 224

7. 2 Extradition of Drug-Related Offenders.................................................... 228

7.2.1 Extradition under the UN Drug Control Conventions ..................... 228

7.2.2 Extradition under Vietnamese Legislation....................................... 235

7. 3 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 242

8 LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION..................................................... 244

8. 1 General Obligations ................................................................................. 245

8.1.1 General Convention Requirements for Law Enforcement Cooperation

245

8.1.2 General Commitments of Vietnam .................................................. 247

8. 2 Mutual Legal Assistance .......................................................................... 248

8.2.1 Mutual Legal Assistance in Accordance with Article 7 of the 1988

Convention ....................................................................................................... 248

8.2.2 Confiscation ..................................................................................... 257

8.2.3 Transfer of Proceedings ................................................................... 267

8. 3 Cooperation in Specific Law Enforcement Measures.............................. 268

8.3.1 Controlled Delivery.......................................................................... 268

8.3.2 Prevention of the Use of Mail for Illicit Drug Traffic ..................... 272

8. 4 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 275

9 SPECIAL ADMINISTRATION FOR DRUG CONTROL............................. 277

viii

9. 1 Special Administrative Arrangements under the UN Drug Control

Conventions ......................................................................................................... 278

9.1.1 Obligations of Parties under the 1961 Convention .......................... 278

9.1.2 Obligations of Parties under the 1971 Convention .......................... 282

9.1.3 Obligations of Parties under the 1988 Convention .......................... 283

9. 2 Administrative Arrangements for Drug Control in Vietnam................... 286

9.2.1 National Authorities Engaged in Drug Control ............................... 286

9.2.2 Special Administration for Drug Control......................................... 302

9. 3 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 308

10 OBLIGATIONS TO FURNISH INFORMATION ..................................... 314

10. 1 Overview.............................................................................................. 315

10. 2 Estimates and Statistics on Quantities of Drugs for Medical and

Scientific Purposes............................................................................................... 323

10.2.1 Estimates and Statistics on Quantities under the UN Drug Control

Conventions ..................................................................................................... 323

10.2.2 Estimates and Statistics under Vietnamese Legislation................... 329

10. 3 Furnishing of Other Drug Control Information ................................... 332

10.3.1 Annual Report Questionnaire........................................................... 332

10.3.2 Responses by Vietnam to the ARQ and Its Legislation on Drug

Statistics 333

10. 4 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 340

11 CONCLUSION............................................................................................ 342

11. 1 Controlled Substances.......................................................................... 342

11. 2 Controls on Licit Drug Activities......................................................... 343

11. 3 Criminalization of Drug-Related Offenses .......................................... 347

11.3.1 Drug-Related Offenses..................................................................... 347

11.3.2 Penalties........................................................................................... 350

11. 4 Jurisdiction and Extradition ................................................................. 351

11.4.1 Jurisdiction....................................................................................... 351

11.4.2 Extradition........................................................................................ 352

11. 5 Law Enforcement Cooperation ............................................................ 353

11.5.1 Mutual Legal Assistance .................................................................. 353

ix

11.5.2 Confiscation ..................................................................................... 354

11.5.3 Transfer of Proceedings ................................................................... 355

11.5.4 Controlled Delivery.......................................................................... 356

11.5.5 Prevention of the Use of Mail for Illicit Drug Trafficking .............. 356

11. 6 Special Administration for Drug Control............................................. 357

11. 7 Submission of Drug Control Information ............................................ 360

11. 8 Epilogue ............................................................................................... 362

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................................... 364

BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 365

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Vietnam‟s Location .................................................................................. 20

Figure 2.2 Vietnam‟s Population Statistics (million persons) ................................... 23

Figure 2.3 Vietnam‟s Population Forecast in Fifteen-Year Period 2005-2020 ......... 24

Figure 2.4 Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Product per Capita from

1995 to 2005 (at present prices)......................................................................... 43

Figure 3.1 Highest Opium Poppy Cultivation Areas in the Years 1985, 1990 and

1992.................................................................................................................... 54

Figure 3.2 Estimated Cultivation and Production of Opium Poppies in Vietnam

(1993-2006)........................................................................................................ 57

Figure 3.3 Drug-Related Cases and Arrests in Vietnam (1995-2006)....................... 59

Figure 3.5 Registered Drug Abusers in Vietnam (1995 - 2006)................................ 67

Figure 4.1 Controlled Substances under the 1961 Convention.................................. 85

Figure 4.2 Controlled Substances under the 1971 Convention.................................. 90

Figure 4.3 Controlled Substances under the 1988 Convention.................................. 94

Figure 4.4 The List of Vietnamese Legislations Providing Definitions and Schedules

of the Nationally Controlled Substances.......................................................... 100

Figure 4.5 Schedules of Narcotic Substances under Vietnamese Control............... 104

Figure 4.6 Inconsistency between the Definition and Schedules of Narcotic

Substances........................................................................................................ 107

Figure 4.7 Substances under the Vietnamese National Control............................... 111

Figure 5.1 A Brief Summary of the National Controls of Licit Drug Activities..... 156

Figure 6.1 Supply-Related Offenses under the 1988 Convention............................ 168

Figure 6.2 Drug-Related Crimes and Punishments under the Criminal Code of

Vietnam 1999................................................................................................... 201

Figure 6.3 Penalties Applicable to Drug-Related Offenses in Relation to the

Quantities of Drugs.......................................................................................... 204

Figure 6.4 Summary of Drug-Related Offenses under the UN Drug Control

Conventions and Responses by the Criminal Code of Vietnam 1999 ............. 209

Figure 9.1 Organizational Structure of the National Committee for Prevention and

Suppression of AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution ................................................. 303

xi

Figure 9.2 Coordination authority structure............................................................. 306

Figure 9.3 Overall Structure of Vietnam‟s Drug Control Administration............... 310

Figure 10.1 A Summary of Information to Be Furnished under the UN Drug Control

Conventions ..................................................................................................... 316

1

1. INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Background

Vietnam lies on the eastern seaboard of the Indochina Peninsula, with a total

landmass of 329,297 square kilometres and coastline of 3260 kilometres. It is

bordered by China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west and the South China

Sea to the south. Mountains and hills make up 75% of its total landmass.1

Enjoying a humid and tropical monsoon climate, Vietnam has abundant rainfall with

the average of 2000 millimetres.2

The tropical monsoonal climate provides a

favourable natural environment for opium poppy growth at an altitude of over 600

metres above sea level.3

Therefore, Vietnam has long faced a history of opium

cultivation among ethnic minorities in the uplands and mountainous areas. The

origins of the contemporary drug problem in Vietnam are considered to be

intermingled with its history of opium cultivation.4 Opium is thought to have arrived

1

See Tong Cuc Thong Ke, Nien Giam Thong Ke cua Nuoc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Vietnam

nam 2003 (2003)12 [trans: General Statistics Office, Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Republic of

Vietnam in 2003 (2003)].

2 Ngoc Huy Nguyen and Van Tai Ta, The Le Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam: A Comparative Sino￾Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-Juridical Analysis and Annotations (1987), 2; Tu Lap Vu,

Vietnam: Geographical Data (1979) 51-2 and Duc Ngai Truong and Thang Phan (eds), Viet Nam

Huong Toi The Ky XXI (2000) 15 [trans: Duc Ngai Truong and Thang Phan (eds), Vietnam Towards

the Twenty-First Century (2000)].

3 Van Hoa Do, Xac Dinh Mo Hinh Co Cau Cay Trong Thich Hop Tren Dat Doc Vung Cao Mien Nui

Phia Bac Gop Phan Bo Sung Cac Giai Phap cho Chuong Trinh Thay The Cay Thuoc Phien (D Phil

thesis, Vien Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat Nong Nghiep Vietnam, 1996) 47 and 120 [trans: Van Hoa Do,

Finding a Suitable Cultivation Structure for Northern Mountainous and Upland Areas as a

Contribution to the Opium Poppy Alternatives Program (D Phil Thesis, Technical Agriculture

Institution, 1996)].

4 Ethnic Minorities, Drug Use & Harm in the Highlands of Northern Viet Nam - A Contextual

Analysis of the Situation in Six Communes from Son La, Lai Chau, and Lao Cai, July 2003 (2003)

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

<http://www.unodc.org:80/pdf/vietnam/vietnam_ethnic_minorities_report.pdf> at 18 August 2004

1.1 Background

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Research Questions

1.4 Scope and Methodology

1.5 Contributions of the Thesis

1.6 Synopsis of the Thesis

2

in Vietnam via Laos in between the years 1600 and 1665.5

The ethnic populations

use opium as an effective medicine against pains and illness, a stimulant in their folk

festivals and as a substance to alleviate hunger.6

The tradition of opium poppy

cultivation and opium smoking has led to a very high rate of abuse in the ethnic

communes.7

1. 2 Statement of the Problem

Located in close proximity to the Golden Triangle (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand) that is

one of the major opium sources of the world, and being a neighbour of Cambodia

which has become an important source of cannabis for global illicit markets,8

Vietnam has been reported as an important drug transit country.9

Its common border

with Laos, which stretches 2067 kilometres with many small roads and tracks

running through low hills, has been used as an important gateway for illicit drugs

smuggled into the country.10 Heroin from the Golden Triangle and other synthetic

and United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement

Affairs, Excerpt from: International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 2004, Vietnam United

Department of State International Information Programs

<http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/ea/vietnam/narc2004/html> at 17 August 2004.

5

Phong Hoa Nguyen and Ngoc Hung Dang, Ma Tuy va nhung Van De ve Cong Tac Kiem Soat Ma

Tuy (1994) 90 [trans: Phong Hoa Nguyen and Ngoc Hung Dang, Narcotics and Matters Concerning

Narcotics Control (1994)].

6 Thi Mai Nga Nguyen and Quoc Huynh Pham, Nhung Van De Co Ban trong Cong Tac Kiem Sat

Dieu Tra va Kiem Sat Xet Xu cac Toi Pham ve Ma Tuy o Viet Nam (2003) 37 [trans: Thi Mai Nga

Nguyen and Quoc Huynh Pham, Basic Issues on Supervision of Investigations and Trials for Drug￾Related Crimes (2003)] and Hung Vuong Vu, 'Luc Luong Canh Sat voi Cong Tac Phong, Chong Ma

Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Vietnam va Phap,

Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) 46 [trans: Hung Vuong Vu, 'Police Force in the Combat against Narcotic

Substances in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression

between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)].

7

See Van Du Nguyen, 'Mot So Van De ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy trong Vung Thuoc Nhiem Vu cua

Bo Doi Bien Phong' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy giua Viet Nam va

Phap, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998) 37 [trans: Van Du Nguyen, 'Some Issues on the Prevention and

Suppression of Narcotics in Areas Supervised by Border Guards' (Paper presented at the Conference

on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)].

8

International Narcotics Control Board, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1998

(1999) [para 315] <http://www.incb.org/incb/en/annual_report_1998_chapter3.html#IIIC1> at 18

August 2005.

9

See Richard Clutterbuck, Drugs, Crime and Corruption (1995) 86, Mandy Bentham, The Politics of

Drug Control (1998) 40 and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes Vietnam, Vietnam: Country

Profile, 2003 (2003) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [9]

<http://www.unodc.org/pdf/vietnam/country_profile_vietnam.pdf> at 18 December 2004.

10 See, eg, United Nations Offices on Drugs and Crime Vietnam, above n 9, 24; United States

Department of Justice, Drug Intelligence Brief - the Drug Situation in Vietnam, November 2001

United States Department of Justice <http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/intel/02001/02001p.html> at 13

November 2004 and Hoang Tran, 'Bo Doi Bien Phong Ngan Chan "Dong Chay" Ma Tuy qua Bien

3

drugs are also brought to Vietnam overland through different points along its weakly

controlled borders with China and Cambodia11 and can be further shipped to

America, Australia and other European countries.12 Drug trafficking has significantly

increased in Vietnam since it applied an „Open Door‟ policy, with a greater

international and regional economic integration.13

The growing availability of drugs smuggled from its neighbours has brought about

an alarming increase in drug abuse in the whole country, and especially among its

youth. Drug abusers under thirty make up 70% of the total, and in some cases drug

abusers are even below the age of ten.14 According to the 2006 statistics, Vietnam

has 160,226 registered drug addicts.15 The proportion of young people using drugs in

Gioi' (2004) 12 Ban Tin Phong Chong Ma Tuy 19, 19 [trans: Hoang Tran, 'Border Guards in the

Combat against "Drug Flows" across National Borders' (2004) 12 Bulletin on Narcotics Prevention

and Suppression 19].

11 Quang Vinh Vu, 'Tinh Hinh Chung ve Cong Tac Kiem Soat Ma Tuy va Van De Phong Chong Ma

Tuy o Viet Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap,

Hanoi, Vietnam, 1998) 3 [trans: Quang Vinh Vu, 'General Situation on Narcotics Control and the

Issue of Narcotics Prevention and Suppression in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on

Narcotics Prevention and Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)];

Xuan Yem Nguyen, Luat Phong Chong Ma Tuy va Phong Chong Ma Tuy trong Nha Truong (2004)

781 [trans: Xuan Yem Nguyen, Law on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression and Narcotics

Prevention in Education Institutions (2004)]; Van Luyen Tran, 'Dac Tinh Hinh Su cua Cac Toi Tang

Tru, Van Chuyen, Mua Ban Trai Phep cac Chat Ma Tuy' (1998) 9 Toa An Nhan Dan 5, 8 [trans: Van

Luyen Tran, 'Criminal Characteristics of the Offense of Illegal Stockpiling, Transporting and Trading

of Narcotic Substances' (1998) 9 People's Court 5] and United Nations Offices on Drugs and Crime

Vietnam, above n 9, 24-5.

12 See, e.g., International Narcotics Control Board, Report of the International Narcotics Control

Board for 2005 (2006) [para 473] <http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/ar/2005/incb_report_2005_full.pdf> at

20 March 2006 and International Narcotics Control Board, Report of the International Narcotics

Control Board for 2001 (2002) [para 391] <http://www.incb.org/incb/annual_report_2001.html> at 18

August 2005.

13 The more detailed picture is provided in Section 3.1.3 of Chapter 3. See also Thi Mai Nga Nguyen

and Quoc Huynh Pham, above n 6, 38 and Cong Son Nguyen, 'Tinh Hinh va Ket Qua Cong Tac

Phong Chong Ma Tuy 6 Thang Dau Nam 2006 va Mot So Nhiem Vu Trong Tam trong Thoi Gian Toi'

(2006) 8 Ban Tin Phong Chong Ma Tuy 2, 5-6 [trans: Cong Son Nguyen, 'The Situation and Results of

the Work on Drug Prevention and Suppression in the First Six Months of 2006 and Main Tasks in the

Coming Year' (2006) 8 Bulletin on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression 2].

14 See Huu Lam Nguyen, 'Tinh Trang Nghien Ma Tuy va cac Bien Phap Cai Nghien Ma Tuy o Viet

Nam' (Paper presented at the Hoi Thao ve Phong Chong Ma Tuy cua Viet Nam va Phap, Hanoi,

Vietnam, 1998) 98 [trans: Huu Lam Nguyen, 'The Situation of Drug Abuse and Measures for Drug

Abuse Treatment in Vietnam' (Paper presented at the Conference on Narcotics Prevention and

Suppression between Vietnam and France, Hanoi, Vietnam, June 1998)].

15 Co Quan Thuong Truc Phong Chong Ma Tuy Cua Uy Ban Quoc Gia Phong Chong AIDS, Phong

Chong Ma Tuy va Mai Dam, 'Bao Cao Tinh Hinh va Ket Qua 5 Nam Thi Hanh Luat Phong, Chong

Ma Tuy' (304/2006/BCA(VPU), 2006) 3 [trans: Standing Office for Drug Control of the National

Committee for Prevention and Suppression of AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution, 'Report on the Five-Year

Implementation of the Law on Narcotics Prevention and Suppression' (35/2006/BCA(VPU), 2006)].