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Knowledge networks: The social software perspective
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Knowledge Networks:
The Social Software
Perspective
Miltiadis Lytras
University of Patras, Greece
Robert Tennyson
University of Minnesota, USA
Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos
Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
Hershey • New York
Information science reference
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Knowledge networks : the social software perspective / Miltiadis Lytras, Robert Tennyson, and Patricia Ordonez de Pablos, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: "This book concentrates on strategies that exploit emerging technologies for the knowledge effectiveness in social networks"--
Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-59904-976-2 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-59904-977-9 (ebook)
1. Knowledge management. 2. Social networks. 3. Organizational learning. I. Lytras, Miltiadis D., 1973- II. Tennyson, Robert D. III.
Pablos, Patricia Ordonez de.
HD30.2.K63955 2009
658.4'038--dc22
2008024193
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book is original material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the
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List of Reviewers
Marc Alier
Sciences of Education Institute, UPC, Spain
Bonnie F. Bryson
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development
Center, USA
Yiwei Cao
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Joseph T. Chao
Bowling Green State University, USA
Mohamed Amine Chatti
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Angelo Corallo
University of Salento, Lecce - Italy
Mariano Corso
Polytechnic of Milano (Italy)
Virginia L. Dickerson
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development
Center, USA
Gianluca Elia
University of Salento, Lecce - Italy
Pascal Francq
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Alexandros Gkikas
Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs,
Greece
Seppo J. Hänninen
Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Stefan Hrastinski
Uppsala University, Sweden
R. Scott Jackson
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development
Center, USA
Matthias Jarke
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Ilkka Kauranen
Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Ralf Klamma
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Dimitris Konetas
University of Ioannina, Greece
Wendelin Kuepers
Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
Niki Lambropoulos
London South Bank University, UK
Georgia Lazakidou
University of Piraeus, Greece
Jeanette Lemmergaard
University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Miltiadis D. Lytras
University of Patras, Greece
Antonella Martini
University of Pisa (Italy)
Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos
University of Oviedo, Spain
Sofia Papadimitriou
Greek Educational Television, Greek Ministry of
Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Kevin R. Parker
Idaho State University, USA
Kathleen Perales
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development
Center, USA
Ourania Petropoulou
University of Piraeus, Greece
Alessandro Piva
Polytechnic of Milano (Italy)
Symeon Retalis
University of Piraeus, Greece
Max Senges
USA
Marc Spaniol
Max Planck Institute for Computer Science, Germany
Pekka Stenholm
George Mason University, USA
Robert Tennyson
University of Minnesota, USA
T. J. Vapola
Helsinki School of Economics, Finland
Marianna Vivitsou
University of Helsinki, Finland
Charalambos Vrasidas
CARDET-Centre for the Advancement of Research & Development in Educational Technology LTD, Cyprus
Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter I
A Knowledge Strategy Oriented Framework for Classifying Knowledge Management Tools ............. 1
Gianluca Elia, University of Salento, Lecce – Italy
Angelo Corallo, University of Salento, Lecce – Italy
Chapter II
Social Software for Bottom-Up Knowledge Networking and Community Building........................... 17
Mohamed Amine Chatti, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Matthias Jarke, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Chapter III
Weaving a Knowledge Web with Wikis................................................................................................ 28
Kevin R. Parker, Idaho State University, USA
Joseph T. Chao, Bowling Green State University, USA
Chapter IV
Media Centric Knowledge Sharing on the Web 2.0 ............................................................................. 46
Marc Spaniol, Max Planck Institute for Computer Science, Germany
Ralf Klamma, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Yiwei Cao, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Chapter V
E-Democracy: The Social Software Perspective .................................................................................. 61
Pascal Francq, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Chapter VI
Community and Collaboration Tools to Frame the New Working Environment:
The Banking Industry Case .................................................................................................................. 74
Mariano Corso, Polytechnic of Milano, Italy
Antonella Martini, University of Pisa, Italy
Alessandro Piva, Polytechnic of Milano, Italy
Table of Contents
Chapter VII
Who Talks with Whom: Impact of Knowledge Sharing in the Value Network of Born Globals ......... 87
Seppo J. Hänninen, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Pekka Stenholm, George Mason University, USA
T. J. Vapola, Helsinki School of Economics, Finland
Ilkka Kauranen, Asian Institute of Technology, Finland
Chapter VIII
Illustrating Knowledge Networks as Sociograms ................................................................................. 96
Stefan Hrastinski, Uppsala University, Sweden
Chapter IX
Web 2.0 Collaborative Learning Tool Dynamics................................................................................. 105
Marianna Vivitsou, University of Helsinki, Finland
Niki Lambropoulos, London South Bank University, UK
So.a Papadimitriou, Greek Educational Television, Greek Ministry of Education &
Religious Affairs, Greece
Alexandros Gkikas, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Dimitris Konetas, University of Ioannina, Greece
Chapter X
Knowing in Organizations: Pheno-Practical Perspectives .................................................................. 131
Wendelin Kupers, Massey University, New Zealand
Chapter XI
Evaluating the Learning Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem Solving in
Computer-Mediated Settings............................................................................................................... 151
Ourania Petropoulou, University of Piraeus, Greece
Georgia Lazakidou, University of Piraeus, Greece
Symeon Retalis, University of Piraeus, Greece
Charalambos Vrasidas, CARDET, Cyprus
Chapter XII
Acquiring and Sharing Knowledge Through Inter-Organizational Benchlearning............................. 168
Jeanette Lemmergaard, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Chapter XIII
Virtual Worlds as Environment for Learning Communities ............................................................... 181
Max Senges, Dachsweg 4a, Germany
Marc Alier, Sciences of Education Institute, UPC, Spain
Chapter XIV
Corps of Engineers Natural Resources Management (NRM) Gateway: Communities “in”
Practice................................................................................................................................................ 199
Bonnie F. Bryson, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
M. Kathleen Perales, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
R. Scott Jackson, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
Virginia L. Dickerson, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
Chapter XV
A Complex Adaptive Systems-Based Enterprise Knowledge Sharing Model.................................... 217
Cynthia T. Small, The MITRE Corporation, USA
Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, USA
Chapter XVI
Facilitating E-Learning with Social Software: Attitudes and Usage from the Student’s
Point of View ...................................................................................................................................... 237
Reinhard Bernsteiner, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and
Technology, Austria
Herwig Ostermann, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and
Technology, Austria
Roland Staudinger, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and
Technology, Austria
Chapter XVII
Enlivening the Promise of Education: Building Collaborative Learning Communities
Through Online Discussion ................................................................................................................ 257
Kuldip Kaur, Open University Malaysia, Malaysia
Chapter XVIII
Towards an Integrated Model of Knowledge Sharing in Software Development:
Insights from a Case Study ................................................................................................................. 280
Karlheinz Kautz, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Chapter XIX
E-Collaboration and E-Commerce in Virtual Worlds: The Potential of Second Life and
World of Warcraft .............................................................................................................................. 308
Ned Kock, Texas A&M International University, USA
Chapter XX
Socializing a Knowledge Strategy ..................................................................................................... 320
Peter H. Jones, Redesign Research, USA
Compilation of References............................................................................................................... 351
About the Contributors.................................................................................................................... 388
Index ................................................................................................................................................ 397
Foreword ...........................................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter I
A Knowledge Strategy Oriented Framework for Classifying Knowledge Management Tools ............. 1
Gianluca Elia, University of Salento, Lecce – Italy
Angelo Corallo, University of Salento, Lecce – Italy
Many classifications and taxonomies of knowledge management tools highlight mainly specific characteristics and features of a single tool, by ignoring the holistic and systematic dimension of the classification, and the explicit elements of linking with the knowledge management strategy. This chapter
aims at proposing a general framework that integrates the technological side of knowledge management
with the strategic one. Thus, this framework could represent a powerful instrument to guide knowledge
engineers in the implementation phase of a knowledge management system, coherently with strategical
choices for knowledge management. Chapter is articulated in two main parts: the first one is focused
on reminding some relevant approaches to knowledge management (Hoffmann 2001; Skyrme 2000;
Ruggles 1997; Radding 1998; Maier 2002); the second part presents the framework, with a detailed
description of its components.
Chapter II
Social Software for Bottom-Up Knowledge Networking and Community Building........................... 17
Mohamed Amine Chatti, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Matthias Jarke, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Recognizing that knowledge is a key asset for better performance and that knowledge is a human and
social activity, building ecologies that foster knowledge networking and community building becomes
crucial. Over the past few years, social software has become an important medium to connect people,
bridge communities, and leverage collaborative knowledge creation and sharing. In this chapter we explore how social software can support the building and maintaining of knowledge ecologies and discuss
the social landscape within different social software mediated communities and networks.
Detailed Table of Contents
Chapter III
Weaving a Knowledge Web with Wikis................................................................................................ 28
Kevin R. Parker, Idaho State University, USA
Joseph T. Chao, Bowling Green State University, USA
This chapter introduces wikis in the context of social software, focusing on their powerful information
sharing and collaboration features. It begins by defining the wiki concept and then discussing the evolution of wikis, explaining how they first emerged and how they have evolved over time. The social
software aspect of wikis is then analyzed, examining how wikis can engender collaborative efforts. It
investigates ways in which wikis help to develop communities of users, and finally some of the features
that enhance the appeal of wikis as social software. The authors hope that by examining a software tool
that users may have already encountered, that they will be better able to understand the basic concepts
and value of social software. Further, as future trends are discussed, it is hoped that readers will be
able to see the value of incorporating social aspects into both existing and as yet undeveloped software
applications.
Chapter IV
Media Centric Knowledge Sharing on the Web 2.0 ............................................................................. 46
Marc Spaniol, Max Planck Institute for Computer Science, Germany
Ralf Klamma, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
Yiwei Cao, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
The success of knowledge sharing heavily depends on the capabilities of an information system to reproduce the ongoing discourses within a community. In order to illustrate the artifacts of a discourse as
authentic as possible it is not sufficient to store the plain information, but also to reflect the context they
have been used in. An ideal representation to do so is non-linear storytelling. The Web 2.0 in its “bi-directional” design therefore is an ideal basis for media centric knowledge sharing. In this article we present
a novel solution to this issue by non-linear storytelling in the Virtual Campfire system. Virtual Campfire
is a social software that allows a modular composition of web services based on a Lightweight Application Server in community engine called LAS. Hence, Virtual Campfire is capable of fully exploiting the
features of the Web 2.0 in a comprehensive community information system covering web-services for
geo-spatial content sharing, multimedia tagging and collaborative authoring of hypermedia artifacts.
Chapter V
E-Democracy: The Social Software Perspective .................................................................................. 61
Pascal Francq, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
The Internet is today a widely used platform to exchange information and share knowledge. In this
chapter, we propose a prospective study of the use of the Internet as support for e-democracy processes.
The history of the Internet shows that social software has always been developed to support knowledge
sharing among net surfers. Since participating in political issues implies knowledge sharing, the Internet was rapidly used as a political medium. The concept of e-democracy, i.e. the use of information
and communication technologies to allow citizens to participate in the democratic process, is a natural
evolution of this situation. Several examples demonstrate that e-democracy can be deployed for local
decision purposes. The experiences have also shown several limitations, in particular concerning the
on-line tools currently offered. We argue that solutions exist to overcome these limitations and that their
integration in social software environments may enhance the concept of e-democracy in order to apply
it to more complex decision-taking situations.
Chapter VI
Community and Collaboration Tools to Frame the New Working Environment:
The Banking Industry Case .................................................................................................................. 74
Mariano Corso, Polytechnic of Milano, Italy
Antonella Martini, University of Pisa, Italy
Alessandro Piva, Polytechnic of Milano, Italy
This chapter focuses on the Community and Collaboration tools as means of creating business Communities of Practice (CoPs). First, it is provided the state-of-the art of these tools, in terms of diffusion
and usage, and then emergent Communities are analysed in terms of targets, goals, models and barriers.
The research is based on 16 retrospective case studies that cover more than 50% of the banking sector in Italy by number of employees and which correspond to 33 Communities. The findings provide
interesting elements and suggestions to develop a Community in a banking context. The authors aim to
develop actionable knowledge to support management in understanding how to manage a business CoP,
in order to create value for both the organization and its members.
Chapter VII
Who Talks with Whom: Impact of Knowledge Sharing in the Value Network of Born Globals ........ 87
Seppo J. Hänninen, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Pekka Stenholm, George Mason University, USA
T. J. Vapola, Helsinki School of Economics, Finland
Ilkka Kauranen, Asian Institute of Technology, Finland
Knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer have a strong effect on the success of the born-globals.
The objective of the present chapter is to create a better understanding of the impacts resulting from
knowledge sharing within technology-intensive knowledge networks. The study builds on co-opetitive
theory which has its underpinnings in the cooperative game theory. The present study is based on 51
interviews within 31 companies that have business operations in Finland and that have participated in
the Fenix technology program financed by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Tekes. All the companies were small or medium-sized. Because of the small size of the sample,
the study is to some extent a multi-case study. The interviewees from companies were technology
directors or research and development directors as well as general directors of the companies. According to the results, having discussions with technology partners positively correlated with conducting
discussions concerning technology within the companies themselves. This can be an indication that
technology companies depend on their partners as regards to technology development. There also was
a positive correlation between having discussions with competitors and conducting discussions within
the companies themselves. In addition, having discussions with sales partners was positively correlated
with having discussions with technology partners and customers. These correlations can be a sign that
in technology development sharing information with various stakeholders, including competitors, can
create win-win partnerships.
Chapter VIII
Illustrating Knowledge Networks as Sociograms ................................................................................ 96
Stefan Hrastinski, Uppsala University, Sweden
This chapter looks at the concept of sociograms that has great illustrative importance in some circumstances, especially for studying small knowledge networks. It is argued that the sociogram approach
might be particularly useful for those who view learning and participation in knowledge networks as an
inherently social phenomenon. After giving a basic introduction to the concept of sociograms, examples of different types of sociograms, and their benefits and limitations, are discussed. The chapter also
includes an exercise, web resources, further readings, and suggestions for possible paper titles.
Chapter IX
Web 2.0 Collaborative Learning Tool Dynamics................................................................................ 105
Marianna Vivitsou, University of Helsinki, Finland
Niki Lambropoulos, London South Bank University, UK
So.a Papadimitriou, Greek Educational Television, Greek Ministry of Education &
Religious Affairs, Greece
Alexandros Gkikas, Greek Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Greece
Dimitris Konetas, University of Ioannina, Greece
Social web asynchronous communication environments provide the space for content creation, idea
sharing and knowledge construction within a participatory and collaborative framework that encourages online community establishment and evolution. However, community development is a long-term
process and necessitates the adoption of appropriate theoretical principles to support a developmental
scheme ensuring the community’s exploratory, knowledge-based and reflexively expanding character.
This chapter discusses and analyses the techniques and tools used in an online course aiming to enable
Greek teachers develop their pedagogical and digital skills in order to keep update, form new relationships and grow professionally. To this end, e-course design was based on formal learning principles
underlying the virtual classroom activities during which a collaborative culture was built. Also, the
course structure involved informal learning principles, which were integrated into social web activities
implemented on weblog and wiki artefacts created and used by participants as individual and collaborative learning tools. Through the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data gathered during the study
it became evident that weblogs and wikis contributed to the growth and evolution of Greek educational
networked communities and that a new online identity emerged.
Chapter X
Knowing in Organizations: Pheno-Practical Perspectives ................................................................. 131
Wendelin Kupers, Massey University, New Zealand
Based on a phenomenological understanding of knowing and knowledge in organisation, this chapter
aims to contribute to an integral perspective on conceptual and methodological research development.
Adopting an advanced phenomenological approach, knowing is argued to be an embodied and emotional
process. Furthermore, an integral “pheno-practice” is proposed, allowing a more comprehensive and
inclusive approach, analyse, and interpretation for investigating processes of knowing in organisations.
Following a dynamic, processual turn, the concept of an “inter-knowing” is discussed by which knowing
is understood as a relational emerging event. By concluding, some implications for theory and research
are provided.
Chapter XI
Evaluating the Learning Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem Solving in
Computer-Mediated Settings............................................................................................................... 151
Ourania Petropoulou, University of Piraeus, Greece
Georgia Lazakidou, University of Piraeus, Greece
Symeon Retalis, University of Piraeus, Greece
Charalambos Vrasidas, CARDET, Cyprus
There is a growing need for systematic evaluations of computer-supported collaborative learning environments. The present chapter focuses on the evaluation of the learning effectiveness of the interactions
that take place in computer-supported problem solving environments. This chapter emphasizes the need
for supporting evaluators of such environments with holistic evaluation conceptual frameworks and tools
that can facilitate the analysis of data gathered during the evaluation process. We discuss in detail such
a holistic framework which has been tested through a primary education case-study.
Chapter XII
Acquiring and Sharing Knowledge Through Inter-Organizational Benchlearning............................. 168
Jeanette Lemmergaard, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
This chapter introduces inter-organizational knowledge acquisition and sharing as a means to facilitate
benchlearning within the .eld of human resource management. The chapter presents an interactive
web-based portal and demonstrates how valuable knowledge can be released from organizational “silo
centers” and be passed around to the benefit of both organizations and academia. In general, human resource departments struggle to demonstrate their validity to the business and their ability to accomplish
business objectives. In addition, human resource departments generally lack the ability to speak of their
accomplishments in a business language. The presented portal assists human resource professionals in
making more efficient and qualitative decisions that are not based on good guesswork or mere instinct,
but on facts and knowledge. The portal is novel in its approach of facilitating benchlearning across
organizational boundaries and within the soft area of human resource management.
Chapter XIII
Virtual Worlds as Environment for Learning Communities ............................................................... 181
Max Senges, Dachsweg 4a, Germany
Marc Alier, Sciences of Education Institute, UPC, Spain
This chapter discusses the potential of three dimensional virtual worlds as venue for constructivist
learning communities. To reach a balanced answer to the question whether virtual worlds are likely to
evolve into satisfying educational instruments (1) Authors retrace the historic trajectory of virtual world
development and computer based learning, second they describe how (2) learning communities function
in general and how virtual worlds in particular can be exploited for collective educational experiences.
With this basis, authors then present (3) a structured analysis of the strenghts, weaknesses, opportunities
and threats (SWOT) found to bound the potential of SecondLife for institutionalized learning based on
their expertise from working and teaching in virtual worlds. In conclusion authors argue that a critical
but optimistic approach towards virtual learning environments (and SecondLife in particular) is adequatee. In their assessment virtual worlds bear great opportunities for educational purposes; however most
of today’s educational institutions will be challenged to encompass the informal and holistic learning
scenario.
Chapter XIV
Corps of Engineers Natural Resources Management (NRM) Gateway: Communities “in”
Practice................................................................................................................................................ 199
Bonnie F. Bryson, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
M. Kathleen Perales, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
R. Scott Jackson, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
Virginia L. Dickerson, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, USA
This chapter describes the development of a knowledge management-based website that serves a community of practice within a federal agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Natural Resources Management Community of Practice. Content development workshops that are conducted as an effective
method of creating new content and updating existing content on the website are also described. This
successful model may be used by other agencies and organizations to develop and share organizational
information in an easily retrievable manner.
Chapter XV
A Complex Adaptive Systems-Based Enterprise Knowledge Sharing Model.................................... 217
Cynthia T. Small, The MITRE Corporation, USA
Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, USA
This paper describes a complex adaptive systems (CAS)-based enterprise knowledge-sharing (KnS)
model. The CAS-based enterprise KnS model consists of a CAS-based KnS framework and a multi-agent
simulation model. Enterprise knowledge sharing is modeled as the emergent behavior of knowledge
workers interacting with the KnS environment and other knowledge workers. The CAS-based enterprise
KnS model is developed to aid knowledge management (KM) leadership and other KnS researchers in
gaining an enhanced understanding of KnS behavior and its influences. A premise of this research is that
a better understanding of KnS influences can result in enhanced decision-making of KnS interventions
that can result in improvements in KnS behavior.
Chapter XVI
Facilitating E-Learning with Social Software: Attitudes and Usage from the Student’s
Point of View ...................................................................................................................................... 237
Reinhard Bernsteiner, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and
Technology, Austria
Herwig Ostermann, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and
Technology, Austria
Roland Staudinger, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and
Technology, Austria