Key facts key cases - Contract law

KEY FACTS KEY CASES

Contract Law

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KEY FACTS KEY CASES

The Key Facts Key Cases revision series is designed to give you a clear

understanding and concise overview of the fundamental principles of your

law course. The books’ chapters refl ect the most commonly taught topics,

breaking the law down into bite-size sections with descriptive headings.

Diagrams, tables and bullet points are used throughout to make the law easy

to understand and memorise, and comprehensive case checklists are provided

that show the principles and application of case law for your subject.

Titles in the series:

Contract Law

Criminal Law

English Legal System

Equity & Trusts

EU Law

Family Law

Human Rights

Land Law

Tort Law

For a full listing of the Routledge Revision range of titles, visit

www.routledge.com/law

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KEY FACTS KEY CASES

Contract Law

Chris Turner

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Routledge

Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 2014

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2014 Chris Turner

The right of Chris Turner to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by him in

accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form

or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including

photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without

permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,

and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested.

ISBN: 978–0–415–83324–0 (pbk)

ISBN: 978–1–315–87965–9 (ebk)

Typeset in Helvetica

by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

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PREFACE viii

TABLE OF CASES xi

Chapter 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTRACT LAW 1

1.1 The origins and functions of contract law 1

1.2 Freedom of contract 3

Chapter 2

FORMATION OF A CONTRACT: AGREEMENT 4

2.1 Formation of contracts? 4

2.2 Offer 6

2.3 Acceptance 11

Key Cases Checklist 14

Chapter 3

FORMATION OF A CONTRACT: CONSIDERATION

AND INTENTION 28

3.1 The nature and purpose of consideration 28

3.2 Defi ning consideration 29

3.3 Executory and executed consideration 30

3.4 The rules of consideration 31

3.5 Intention to create legal relations 36

Key Cases Checklist 38

Chapter 4

OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING FORMATION 55

4.1 Form 55

4.2 Capacity 58

4.3 Capacity and minors’ contracts 62

Key Cases Checklist 66

Contents

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vi Contents

Chapter 5

THIRD PARTY RIGHTS AND PRIVITY OF

CONTRACT 72

5.1 The basic rule and its effects 72

5.2 Problems with the privity rule 72

5.3 Exceptions to the strict rule 75

5.4 Statutory intervention and the reform of the rule 77

Key Cases Checklist 79

Chapter 6

THE CONTENTS OF THE CONTRACT: TERMS 86

6.1 Representations 86

6.2 Terms 87

Key Cases Checklist 95

Chapter 7

THE CONTENTS OF THE CONTRACT: EXCLUSION

CLAUSES 107

7.1 Judicial control of exclusion clauses 107

7.2 Statutory control of exclusion clauses 111

Key Cases Checklist 118

Chapter 8

VITIATING FACTORS: MISREPRESENTATION 127

8.1 Void and voidable contracts 127

8.2 Misrepresentation 128

Key Cases Checklist 136

Chapter 9

VITIATING FACTORS: MISTAKE 143

9.1 Introduction 143

9.2 The classes of mistake 143

9.3 Mistake and equity 147

9.4 Non est factum 148

Key Cases Checklist 150

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Contents vii

Chapter 10

VITIATING FACTORS: DURESS, ECONOMIC

DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 158

10.1 Introduction 158

10.2 Duress 159

10.3 Economic duress 160

10.4 Undue infl uence 161

Key Cases Checklist 166

Chapter 11

VITIATING FACTORS: ILEGALITY 176

11.1 Introduction 176

11.2 Contracts void by statute 176

11.3 Contracts illegal by statute 177

11.4 Contracts void at common law 178

11.5 Contracts illegal at common law 181

11.6 Consequences if a contract declared void 182

11.7 Consequences if a contract declared illegal 182

Key Cases Checklist 183

Chapter 12

DISCHARGE OF A CONTRACT 192

12.1 Discharge of the contract 192

12.2 Discharge by performance 193

12.3 Discharge by agreement 194

12.4 Discharge by frustration 196

12.5 Discharge by breach of contract 201

Key Cases Checklist 205

Chapter 13

REMEDIES 217

13.1 Common law remedies 218

13.2 Equitable remedies 226

Key Cases Checklist 230

INDEX 240

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3 Validity of marriage

and civil partners

This new series of Key Facts Key Cases is built on the two well-known

series, Key Facts and Key Cases. Each title in the Key Facts series now incor￾porates a Key Cases section at the end of most chapters which is designed to

give a clear understanding of important cases. This is useful when studying a

new topic and invaluable as a revision aid. Each case is broken down into fact

and law. In addition, many cases are extended by the use of important

extracts from the judgment, by comment or by highlighting problems. In

some instances students are reminded that there is a link to other cases or

material. If the link case is in another part of the book, the reference will be

clearly shown. Some links will be to additional cases or materials that do not

feature in the book.

The basic Key Facts sections are a practical and complete revision aid that

can be used by students of law courses at all levels from A level to degree and

beyond, and in professional and vocational courses.

They are designed to give a clear view of each subject. This will be useful to

students when tackling new topics and is invaluable as a revision aid.

Most chapters open with an outline in diagram form of the points covered in

that chapter. The points are then developed in a structured list form to make

learning easier. Supporting cases are given throughout by name and for some

complex areas facts are given to reinforce the point being made. The most

important cases are then given in more detail.

The Key Facts Key Cases series aims to accommodate the syllabus content of

most qualifi cations in a subject area, using many visual learning aids.

Contract Law is a core subject in all qualifying law degrees. It is also a vital

subject in which to gain a good understanding since we all constantly make

contracts even if we do not realise it. It is also a very useful foundation for

understanding the basic of more specifi c contractual areas such as sale of

goods or specifi c contractual relationships such as employment, both of

which include some fundamental contract principles.

The topics covered for Contract Law include all of the main areas of all

mainstream syllabuses.

viii Sexual offences

Preface

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Preface ix

In the Key Cases sections in order to give a clear layout, symbols have been

used at the start of each component of the case. The symbols are:

Key Facts – These are the basic facts of the case.

Key Law – This is the major principle of law in the case.

Key Judgment – This is an actual extract from a judgment made on

the case.

Key Comment – Infl uential or appropriate comments made on the

case.

Key Problem – Apparent inconsistencies or diffi culties in the

law.

Key Link – This indicates other cases which should be considered

with this case.

The Key Link symbol alerts readers to links within the book and also to cases

and other material, especially statutory provisions, that are not included.

The court abbreviations used in the key case sections of this book are shown

below.

Ass Assize Court CA Court of Appeal

CC County Court CCA Court of Criminal Appeal

CCR Crown Cases Reserved CH Court of Chancery

ChDiv Chancery Division CJEU Court of Justice of the

European Union

C-MAC Court Martial Appeal

Court

CP Court of Probate

DC Divisional Court EAT Employment Appeal

Tribunal

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x Preface

ECHR European Court of

Human Rights

ECJ European Court of

Justice

ET/IT Employment tribunal/

Industrial tribunal

Exch Court of the Exchequer

HC High Court HL House of Lords

KBD King’s Bench Division NIRC National Industrial

Relations Court

PC Privy Council QBD Queen’s Bench Division

RC Rolls Court SC Supreme Court

The law is as I believe it to be on 1 August 2013.

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Adams v Lindsell [1818] 106 ER 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 14, 25

Adderley v Dixon (1824) 57 ER 239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 227

Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [1909] AC 488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Affreteurs Reunis SA v Walford (Walford’s case) [1919]

AC 801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 79, 81

Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd [1983] 1

WLR 964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 110, 118, 122–3

Akerhielm v De Mare [1959] AC 789, PC, [1959] 3 WLR 108 . . . . . . . 131

Alec Lobb Garages Ltd v Total Oil (GB) Ltd [1984]

EWCA Civ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Alexander v Rayson [1936] 1 KB 169, 105 LJKB 148; [1935]

All ER Rep 185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Alfred McAlpine Capital Projects Limited v Tilebox Limited [2005]

EWHC 281 (TCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd (1998) 88

BLR 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 82, 83

Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 45 . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 161, 162, 166, 169

Allen v Rescous (1676) 2 Lev 174; 83 ER 505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Alliance Bank Ltd v Broom [1864] 2 Dr & Sm 289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Amalgamated Investment & Property Co Ltd v John Walker &

Sons [1977] 1 WLR 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 198, 212

Anderson Ltd v Daniel [1924] 1 KB 138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Andrews Bros (Bournemouth) Ltd v Singer and Co Ltd [1934]

1 KB 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 109

Anglia Television v Reed [1971] 3 All ER 690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 221

Antons Trawling Co Ltd v Smith [2003] 2 NZLR 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Arcos Ltd v EA Ronaasen & Son [1933] All ER Rep 646 . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Armhouse Lee Ltd v Chappell (1996) Times, 7 August . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Ashbury Railway Carriage Co Ltd v Riche (1875) LR 7

HL 653. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 61, 70

Ateni Maritime Corp v Great Marine Ltd [1990] 2 Lloyd’s

Rep 250; revsd [1991] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco (Importers and Distributors) Ltd

[1989] QB 833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 160, 168–9

Table of Cases

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xii Table of Cases

Attorney-General v Blake [2001] 1 AC 268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 230, 233

Attwood v Lamont [1920] 3 KB 571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177, 182, 183, 189

Attwood v Small [1838] UKHL J60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Austin Knight (UK) Ltd v Hinds [1994] FSR 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Avery v Bowden (1855) 5 E & B 714 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201, 203, 205, 216

Avon Finance Co Ltd v Bridges [1985] 2 All ER 281;

(1979) 123 SJ 705 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163, 164

Avraamides and Another v Colwill and Another (2006)

EWCA Civ 1533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 85

Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 37, 38, 50

Baltic Shipping Company v Dillon (Mikhail Lermontov) [1990]

1 Lloyd’s Rep 579 and (1993) 176 CLR 344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 109

Banco-Exterior Internacional v Mann [1995] 1 All ER 936 . . . . . . . . . . 165

Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody

[1990] 1 QB 923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 161, 162, 163, 171

Barag, The (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Barclays Bank plc v Boulter and Another [1997] 2 All ER . . . . . . . 164, 175

Barclays Bank Plc v Coleman and Others [2001] QB 20 . . . . . . . . 159, 162

Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1993] 4 All

ER 417 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 161, 163, 164, 171, 172

Barrow Lane and Ballard Ltd v Phillip Phillips & Co Ltd [1928]

All ER Rep 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Barton v Armstrong [1975] 2 All ER 465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159, 166–7

Beale v Taylor [1967] 3 All ER 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Behnke v Bede Shipping Company [1927] 1 KB 649 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd [1932] AC 161 . . . . . . . . . . 144, 145, 150, 151–2

Bence Graphics International Ltd v Fasson UK Ltd [1998]

QB 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Beningfi eld v Baxter (1886) LR 12 HL 167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Bennett v Bennett [1952] 1 KB 249. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Benyon v Nettleford (1850) 3 Mac & G 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Beresford v Royal Insurance Co Ltd [1937] 2 KB 197;

[1938] AC 586 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 78, 79, 80–1

Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 93, 95, 104

Bigg v Boyd Gibbins [1971] 2 All ER 183 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Birch v Paramount Estates (1956) 167 EG 196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 89

Bissett v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 95, 129, 130

Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council

[1990] EWCA Civ 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Bolton v Mahadeva [1972] 1 WLR 1009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192, 194, 207

Bosman Ruling see Hooper’s Settlement Trusts, Re Bosman v Hooper

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Table of Cases xiii

Boulton v Jones (1857) 2 H & N 564. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 146

BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1979] 1

WLR 783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 199, 205, 214–15

Bradbury v Morgan (1862) 158 ER 877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Brennan (Margaret) v Bolt Burdon & Others [2004]

EWCA Civ 1017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Bridge v Campbell Discount Co Ltd [1962] AC 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Brikom Investments Ltd v Carr [1979] 2 All ER 753 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl [1983] AC 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 27

British Car Auctions v Wright [1972] 1 WLR 1519 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

British Reinforced Concrete Co Ltd v Schelff, [1921] 2 Ch 563 . . . . . . . 180

British Russian Gazette Ltd v Associated Newspapers Ltd [1933]

2 KB 616 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195, 205, 208

British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co

[1984] 1 All ER 504 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 23–4

British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v

Underground Electric Railways Co of London Ltd [1912]

AC 673 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 230, 234

Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 666 . . . . . 11, 12, 23

Bull v Pitney Bowes Ltd [1966] 2 All ER 384 HC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177, 180

Bunge Corporation v Tradax Export SA [1981] 1

WLR 711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 202, 205, 215

Bunn v Guy (1803) 4 East 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation

[1979] 1 WLR 401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10, 12, 24

Byrne v Van Tienhoven [1880] 5 CPD 344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8

C & P Haulage Co Ltd v Middleton [1983] EWCA Civ 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Camduff v Rock and another [2001] 1 WLR 1786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Canada Steamship Lines v R [1952] AC 192 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 139

Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell [1965] 1

QB 525 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 134

Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1

QB 256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 87, 129, 130

Casey’s Patent, Re [1892] 1 Ch 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 38, 42–3

Castle Phillips Finance v Piddington [1995] 1 FLR 783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesselschaft mbH,

The Hansa Nord [1976] QB 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 203

Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd

[1947] KB 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 35, 38, 47, 48

Chandler v Webster [1904] 1 KB 493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 199, 210, 213

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xiv Table of Cases

Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council [1940] 1 KB . . . . .108, 109, 119–20

Chaplin v Hicks (1911) 2 KB 786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Chaplin v Leslie Frewin (Publishers) Ltd [1966] Ch 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chappell v Nestlé [1960] AC 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31, 38, 41

Chapple v Cooper (1844) 3 M & W 252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63, 68

Charter v Sullivan [1957] 2 QB 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 220

Chaudry v Prabhakar [1989] 1 WLR 29; [1988] 3 All ER 718 . . . . . . . . 133

Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166, 174–5

ChipsAway International Ltd v Errol Kerr [2009] EWCA

Civ 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

CIBC Mortgages v Pitt [1993] 4 All ER 433 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 166

Cine Bes Filmcilik Ve Yapimcilik & Anor v United International

Pictures & Ors [2003] EWCA 1669 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Citibank NA v Brown Shipley & Co Ltd; Midland Bank PLC v Brown

Shipley & Co Ltd [1991] 2 All ER 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Clarke v Dickson [1858] 120 ER 463 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 229, 230, 238

Clef Aquitaine Sarl v Laporte Materials (Barrow) Ltd [2000]

3 All ER 493 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Clements v London and North Western Railway Company

[1894] 2 QB 482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 64, 69

Collier v P & M J Wright (Holdings) Ltd (2008) 1 WLR 643 . . . . . 35, 48–9

Collins v Godefroy (1831) 9 LJOS 158. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 48

Compagnie de Commerce et Commission, SARL v Parkinson

Stove Company Ltd [1953] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 487 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12

Compagnie Noga D’importation Et D’exportation SA v

Abacha & Ors, Court of Appeal – Civil Division,

23 July 2003, [2003] EWCA Civ 1100, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Computer & Systems Engineering Pic v John Lelliott (Ilford)

Limited and Others (The Times, 23 May 1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 110

Condor v Baron Knights [1966] 1 WLR 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 197

Cook v Spanish Holiday Tours Ltd (The Times, 6 February 1960) . . . . . 222

Cooper v Phibbs (1867) LR 3 HL 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 151

Cooper v Willis (1906) 22 TLR 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Cope v Rowlands (1836) 2 M & W 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 183, 184

Cornish v Midland Bank plc [1985] 3 All ER 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Corpe v Overton [1833] 10 Bing 252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 65

Couchman v Hill [1947] 1 All ER 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 131

Couturier v Hastie (1852) 5 HLC 673 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 144, 150–1

Craddock Bros Ltd v Hunt [1923] 2 Ch 136 . . . . . . . . . . 147, 229, 230, 239

Cricklewood Property & Investment Trust Ltd v Leighton’s

Investment Trust Ltd [1945] AC 221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Crossley v Faithful & Gould Holdings Ltd [2004] All ER (D) 295 . . . . . . 91

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