Key Factors Influencing Tree Planting Decisions Of Households A Case Study In Pakistan

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

--------------------

PERVEZ KHAN

“KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING TREE PLANTING DECISION OF

HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY IN PAKISTAN”

Major: Forest Science

Code: 8620201

MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE

Supervisor: Dr Le Dinh Hai

Signature:……………………

Hanoi, November 2018

i

ABSTRACT

Farm forestry as a system of incorporation of commercial tree growing and

managed by farmers into the farming system for the production of both wood and

non-wood products, encouraging sustainable natural resource management and

increasing agricultural productivity. In Pakistan, the importance of farm forestry

was recognized in the late 1970s to provide wood to market and alleviate poverty.

Several provinces started farm forestry projects in their province, but the most

important initiative and momentum came to farm forestry when the United state

Agency for International Development (USAID) launch Forestry planning and

development project from1985 to 1994. Trees on farmland improve the

microclimate protect us, our animals and houses from shining sun and cold winds.

Trees improve soil fertility; enhance soil microbial and enzymatic activity,

decomposition and physical characteristics. Trees protecting watersheds,

maintenance of biodiversity, enhancement of environmental quality, soil erosion

barriers, and the source of timber and non-timber materials include nutrient cycling,

soil formation, oxygen production, carbon sequestration and climate regulation.

Plantations play a significant role in the ecology and economy of countries like

Pakistan, where forests and trees already are scarce and make up only about 5% of

the total land area. I aimed to explored farmer‟s actual decisions about the planting

of trees and the perceptions and attitudes towards tree planting decision. The area

was investigated through stratified random simple sampling technique by

interviewing 120 households. The research investigated and determined 3

significant correlated factors (Education level, Attitude of tree planting and

silviculture knowledge). The full model containing all predictors was statistically

significant, X

2

(3, N=120)=53.611, Sig. <.001 indicating that the model was able to

distinguish between respondents who decided or not decided tree planting. The

model as a whole explains between 36% (Cox and Snell R squared) and 48.2 %

(Nagelkerke R Square) of the variance in the decision of tree planting and correctly

classified 72.5 % of cases.

For future restoration of farm forestry, strict laws, increased community awareness,

training program, land tenure security, supports in case of failure, paved road to

field and farmer community group will be focused and needed.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ i

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................. vii

ABBREVIATION................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................1

1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ....................................................................1

1.2. CURRENT STATUS OF FOREST IN PAKISTAN...........................................3

1.3. COMMON FARM SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA ......................................6

1.4. THE REASON FOR SELECTION OF THIS RESEARCH ...............................6

1.5. GOAL, OBJECTIVES, AND RESEARCH QUESTION ...................................7

1.5.1. Goals .................................................................................................................7

1.5.2. Specific Objectives............................................................................................7

1.5.3. Research Questions...........................................................................................7

1.6. THE SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH...................................................................7

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................8

2.1. FACTORS AFFECTING/INFLUENCING TREE PLANTING DECISION.....8

2.2. FARM CHARACTERISTICS FACTORS........................................................10

2.2.1.Land area ..........................................................................................................10

2.2.2.Tenure ..............................................................................................................10

2.2.3.Location of farm and house..............................................................................11

2.3. HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS FACTORS...........................................11

2.3.1. Gender, age and education ..............................................................................12

2.3.2. Silvicultural knowledge and skills..................................................................12

2.4. SOCIO-ECONOMICS FACTORS....................................................................13

2.4.1. Production cost, transaction cost and Market .................................................13

2.4.2. Incentives ........................................................................................................14

2.4.3. Capital .............................................................................................................14

2.4.4. Labor ...............................................................................................................16

2.5. BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS ..............................................................................16

2.6. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS ..........................................................................17

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2.6.1. Governance, policies and institutions .............................................................17

2.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY........................................18

2.7.1. Conceptual model............................................................................................20

2.7.1. Socio-economic factors...................................................................................20

2.7.2. Biophysical factors..........................................................................................22

2.7.3. Household characteristic factors.....................................................................22

2.7.4. Farm characteristics/resource endowments ....................................................23

2.7.5. Institutional and policy factors........................................................................24

CHAPTER 3. STUDY METHODOLOGY..............................................................26

3.1. STUDY AREA...................................................................................................26

3.1.1. History.............................................................................................................26

3.1.2. Description of the area ....................................................................................26

3.1.3. Source of income.............................................................................................27

3.1.4. Demography....................................................................................................29

3.1.5. Geography.......................................................................................................29

3.1.6. Climate and vegetation....................................................................................30

3.2. DATA COLLECTION.......................................................................................30

3.2.1. Sampling design and sample size....................................................................30

3.3. DATA SOURCE................................................................................................32

3.3.1. Primary data ....................................................................................................32

3.3.2. Secondary data ................................................................................................33

3.3.3. Research instrument........................................................................................33

3.3.4. Questionnaires.................................................................................................33

3.4. DATA ANALYSIS............................................................................................33

3.5. VARIABLES USED IN THE STUDY .............................................................36

CHAPTER 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................39

4.1. CURRENT STATUS OF FARM FORESTRY IN THE STUDY AREA.........39

4.2. COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE

STUDY AREA..........................................................................................................40

4.2.1. Education level................................................................................................40

4.2.2. Investment capital ...........................................................................................40

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4.2.3. The attitude of tree planting ............................................................................41

4.2.4. Plantation management ...................................................................................41

4.2.5. Knowledge of silviculture ...............................................................................41

4.2.6. Knowing about the forestry program..............................................................41

4.2.7. Participation in forest program .......................................................................41

4.2.8. Land tenure......................................................................................................41

4.3. CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF THE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE

STUDY AREA FOR QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS ......................................43

4.4. COMPARISON OF THE HOUSEHOLDS CHARACTERISTICS

FORQUANTITATIVE PARAMETER....................................................................45

4.5.THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND

TREE PLANTING DECISION OF THE HOUSEHOLDS .....................................47

4.5.1. Household wealth ranking...............................................................................48

4.5.2.Ethnicity ...........................................................................................................49

4.5.3.Education level.................................................................................................49

4.5.4.Investment capital ............................................................................................50

4.5.5.The attitude of tree planting .............................................................................51

4.5.6.Plantation management ....................................................................................51

4.5.7.Knowledge of silviculture ................................................................................52

4.5.8.Knowing about the forestry program...............................................................52

4.5.9.Participation in forest program ........................................................................53

4.5.10.Land tenure.....................................................................................................53

4.6. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREE PLANTING DECISION OF

HOUSEHOLDS AND QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS ....................................56

4.7. KEY DRIVERS AFFECTING TREE PLANTING DECISION OF THE

SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS..................................................................................58

4.7.1. Correlation between surveyed factors and tree planting decision of the

households.................................................................................................................58

4.7.2. Key drivers influencing tree planting decision of the surveyed household ....58

4.7.2.1. Education level.............................................................................................60

4.7.2.2. Silviculture technique...................................................................................61

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4.7.2.3. Attitude to word tree planting ......................................................................61

4.8.MAJOR CONSTRAINT/PROBLEMS RELATED TO TREE PLANTING IN

THE STUDY AREA.................................................................................................63

4.9. SUGGESTION/RECOMMENDATION...........................................................65

4.9.1. Suggestion based on the needfor rigid and incentive oriented policy from govt

...................................................................................................................................65

4.9.2. Suggestion based on rising of education.........................................................67

4.9.4. Suggestion based on silviculture technique ....................................................68

4.10. Limitations and suggestions for future research ..............................................69

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION..................................................................................70

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................72

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................73

APPENDICES...........................................................................................................82

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Crop and vegetable grew in the study area during 2016 .........................28

Table 3.2: Demography information of the study area .............................................29

Table 3.3: Household Sampling in Tehsil Dargai.....................................................31

Table 3.4: Sampling design in Tehsil Dargai............................................................32

Table 3.5: Variables used in the study ......................................................................36

Table 3.6: List of the independent variables and their description ...........................37

Table 4.1: Status of farm forestry in the study area ..................................................40

Table 4.2: Community characteristics of the household in the study area ..............42

Table 4.3: Characteristics features of the households in the study area for

quantitative parameters .............................................................................................44

Table 4.4: Comparison of the household‟s characteristics for quantitatives

parameter...................................................................................................................46

Table 4.5: Relationship between the independent variable (qualitative) and tree

planting decision of the household and the Pearson correlation coefficient.............54

Table 4.6: Tree planting decision of household and quantitative parameters...........57

Table 4.7: Model summary for key drivers affecting tree planting decision of the

surveyed household...................................................................................................59

Table 4.8: Determining the importance of variables in the multiple linear regression

model.........................................................................................................................60

Table 4.9: Major Constraints/ problems faced by farmer related to tree planting in

study area...................................................................................................................64

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Conceptual model for identifying a key factor affecting tree planting

decision......................................................................................................................20

Figure 3.1: Map of the study area Malakand ............................................................27

Figure 4.1: Graph for the mean total age of house head and income of household

head ...........................................................................................................................46

Figure 4.2: Graph for the mean total land area and forest land area.........................47

viii

ABBREVIATION

CIFOR: Center for International Forestry Research

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization

KPK: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

NSW: New South Wales Agriculture Department

PES: Pakistan Economic Survey

PNCS: Pakistan National Conservation Strategy

SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences

UNEP: United nation environment program

USAID: United state Agency for International Development