Jane Jacobs tư duy lại tư duy quy hoạch

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VJANE JACOBS

TU" DUY LAI TU' DUY QUY HOACH (PHAN2)

(tiep ttteo so trade)

"Cung vdi Howard, anh iiudng cua

nhom "Phan tan phat trien" (PTPT) (NV:

Decentrist) dang ke trong ITnh vUc quy

hoach thanh pho va he thong luat phap lien

quan t6i nha d va co che tai chinh ve nha d.

Nhifng mo hinh nha d cua Stein vi Wright,

dU(?c xay dung chCi yeu tai ngoai 6 hoac ria

ceic thinh ph6, cung v6i cic bii vi^t, so 66,

phic thio vi inh chup cua Mumford vi

Bauer, m6 t i vi ph6 bi^n rdng rii nhUng •)/

tudng mi gid diy duoc coi l i chin 1;^ trong

quy hoach chinh thong: Dudng pho duoc

coi l i moi trudng khong tot cho con ngUdi;

nhi CLfa buoc phii quay lUng lai vdi dUdng

pho vi quay mat vio trong tdi nhUng khong

gian xanh noi bp. Don vi co bin cua thiet l<e

thinh pho khong phii la dudng pho nOa

ma la nhUng 6 pho rat Idn (NV: super-block).

Thuong mai can phii tach biet khdi dan c^i

va khong gian xanh. Nhu cau ve hing hda

cua mot khu dan c\J can duoc tinh toan

"khoa hoc"vi chi chUng dd mi khdng cho

phep nhieu dien tfch thuong mai hon duoc

bo tri. Su xuat hien cua rat nhieu ngUdi,

trong ci nhUng trudng hop tich cUc nhat l i

tai hpa vi mdt quy hoach tdt phii hUdng tdi

viec tao ra io tudng ve sU cd lap vi rieng tU

kieu ngoai d,

De nhan manh va lim nghiem trpng

hda su can thiet cCia mdt trat tu mdi, cac

nhi PTPT da nen nhUng ddn trdi giang vio

cac thanh phd cu tdi tin. Hp khdng he td

md ve sU thanh cdng cua nhdng thinh phd

(...] Lim sao mdt thU nio dd cd the te hai tdi

mUc khdng dang de hieu nd? Nhung trong

cac trudng quy hoach vi kien true, trong

qudc hpi vi trong cac tda thj chinh, nhQng

y tudng cua nhUng ngudi PTPT dan dan

dupe chap nhan nhu la cich thUc co bin

de giii quyet mdt cich xay dung vdi chinh

cac thinh phd Idn. Day la sU kien ding kinh

ngac nhi't trong cau chuyen budn: ring

cudi cung nhUng ngudi mudn chan tinh

phit trien nhufng thinh phd Idn iai chap

nhan nhUng cdng thUc duoc biy ra nhim

bdp nghet nen kinh te cCia nhCrng thinh

phd niy vi cudi cung l i giet chet chung.

Con ngudi vdi nhUng y tudng giy an

tuong manh me nhat trong viec lam sao

ket tinh tit ci nhCrng quyen chdng lai thinh

phd vao trong thinh tri cua tdi loi la kien

true su Au Chau Le Corbusier Ong ta che ra

mdt thanh phd trong mO vio nam 1920 mi

dng ta goi liThinh-phd-TUOi-sing (Radiant

City), tao thanh khdng bdi nhOng cdng trinh

thap tang dupe nhdm PTPT yeu thich, mi

la nhCrng tda nha chpc trdi tren mdt cdng

vien [...]

NhOng ngUdi theo chu thuyet vi nhQng

ngUdi ung hd trung thinh cua trio luu

Thinh-phd-Vudn da kinh hii trudc y tUdng

v^ nhQng tda thip trong cdng viSn ciia Le

Corbusier vi den gid vin vay [...] Nhung

miu thuin thay, Thinh-phd-TUOi-sing bit

ngudn true tiep tQ md hinh Thinh-phd￾Vudn, Le Corbusier chap nhan y niem eo

ban cua Thinh-phd-VUdn, chi it la be ndi

cua nd vi chinh sQa eho nd phu hop vdi

mat dp cao. Ong ta md t i sang tao eua minh

nhu la Thanh-phd-Vudn-dUpe-lim-cho￾khi-thl, "Thinh-phd-Vudn l i mdt hy vpng

hao huyen," dng viet: "Thien nhien se bien

mat trudc sU xim luoc eua dUdng phd va

nha eQa vi chdn an dit trd thinh khu dinh

eu ddng due... Giii phap se dUpc tim thay

trong Thinh-phd-Vudn-thSng-dUng"'.

Dd thj trong mo eua Le Corbusier cd

tic ddng rdng Idn tdi cie thinh phd cua

chung ta,V'tudng dupc hoan nghenh nhiet

Net bdi cac kien true sU vi dan dan 6MQ

dua vao rat nhieu dU an, tQ nha d xa hdi

cho ngudi thu nhap thap tdi cac du an van

phdng. Ben canh viec it nha't Qng dung hdi

hot nhQng nguyen tac be noi cua md hinh

Thanh-phd-Vudn vao do thi mat dp cao,

giac mo eua Le Corbusier cdn ehQa dung

nhQng dieu kinh ngac khae, Ong ed ging

quy hoach thanh phd eho xe hoi nhu mdt

phan khdng the thieu eua y tudng, va dieu

nay vao nhQng nim 1920 vi dau 1930 la

mdt y tudng mdi [,„] Tat nhien gidng nhu

nhQng nhi quy hoach theo md hinhThinh￾phd-Vudn, dng ddi ngUdi di bd khdi dUdng

phd v i dat hp trong cdng vien. Thanh phd

ciia dng nhu mot do choi co khi thu vj. Nd

lot t i mpi thU trong mdt chdp nhay, gidng

nhu mdt quang cao hoin hio. 'Y' tudng va

bieu tuong chae nich eua nd da trd thanh

luc hut ddi vdi cae nhi quy hoach, nhi xiy

dung, nhi thiet ke, cie nha phat trien du

in, nhQng ngan hing eho vay va eac thj

trudng [...]

IVlic du nhQng ngUdi PTPT, vdi tam

huyet ve y tudng mdt cupe sdng dd thj am

cung vi than thien, chUa bao gid ed hda

binh vdi Le Corbusier, thi hau het nhQng

nguyen ly cua hp lai khdng nhu vay. Mdt

each true quan, tat ci nhQng nhi thiet ke

Afpf ban ve tay iay tinli bieu tuang cia Le Corbusier ttietiien

si/bien Soitirmgttd ttii truyen thong sang Mnli-plio￾Vulin-thSng-iu'ng - ndi ma cong trinh khong con can phdi

iienhev&iiudngpho.

Nguon: Le Courbusier (1948)

dd thi tinh tudng cua ngay hdm nay ket

hop ci hai y tUdng vdi nhQng sU hoan vj

khae nhau, Ky thuat tai thiet dupc biet den

dudi nhQng eai ten khae nhau: "xda bd ed

lua chpn" hoac "xay mdi theo diem" hoac

"quy hoach eii tao" hoac "bio tdn theo quy

hoach"- nghTa la tranh dap di toin bd mdt

khu VUc xudng cap, chi la mot thu doan d l

can nhic eho phep giQ lai bao nhieu cdng

trinh eu de khu vUe van dupe dan mac l i

mdt phien bin eCia Thinh-phd-Vudn-Tuoi￾sang (NV: Radiant Garden City). Cae nha quy

hoach sQ dung dat, quy hoach dudng eao

tdc, nhi lam luat vi nhi quy hoach cdng

vien - khdng ai sdng trong mdt eo may tay

nao - lien tuc sQ dung, nhu l i nhQng tham

khio duy nhat, hai y tUdng day quyen lUc

nay v i ci y tudng hpp nhat phQc tap eiia

chiing. Hp ed the luon Id tQ y tUdng nay

sang y tudng kia, hp cd the du di, hp cung

cd the don giin hda chiing, nhung ehung

iudn la diem xuat phat de bSt dau.

[...] Khdng 6Mc nghien cQu, khdng

SMC tran trpng, cie thinh phd di dugc sQ

dung nhu la nhQng vat te than." •

Nguyin Bo Dung(Lugc dich til The Death and Life of

Great American Cities cua kne Jacobs).

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