IoT for Smart Grids

Power Systems

Kostas Siozios

Dimitrios Anagnostos

Dimitrios Soudris

Elias Kosmatopoulos Editors

IoT for

Smart Grids

Design Challenges and Paradigms

Power Systems

Electrical power has been the technological foundation of industrial societies for

many years. Although the systems designed to provide and apply electrical energy

have reached a high degree of maturity, unforeseen problems are constantly

encountered, necessitating the design of more efficient and reliable systems based

on novel technologies. The book series Power Systems is aimed at providing

detailed, accurate and sound technical information about these new developments in

electrical power engineering. It includes topics on power generation, storage and

transmission as well as electrical machines. The monographs and advanced

textbooks in this series address researchers, lecturers, industrial engineers and

senior students in electrical engineering.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622

Kostas Siozios • Dimitrios Anagnostos

Dimitrios Soudris • Elias Kosmatopoulos

Editors

IoT for Smart Grids

Design Challenges and Paradigms

123

Editors

Kostas Siozios

Department of Physics

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki, Greece

Dimitrios Anagnostos

Department of Computer Science

National Technical University of Athens

Athens, Greece

Dimitrios Soudris

School of Electrical

and Computer Engineering

National Technical University of Athens

Athens, Greece

Elias Kosmatopoulos

Department of Electrical

and Computer Engineering

Democritus University of Thrace

Xanthi, Greece

ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic)

Power Systems

ISBN 978-3-030-03169-5 ISBN 978-3-030-03640-9 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03640-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960728

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

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Preface

Recently, the convergence of emerging embedded computing, information tech￾nology, and distributed control became a key enabler for future technologies.

Among others, a new generation of systems, known as Internet of Things (IoT),

with integrated computational and physical capabilities that can interact with

humans through many new modalities have been introduced. The impressive recent

advances in the IoT domain and its huge potential as “one of the next big concepts

to support societal changes and economic growth” motivates the monitoring and

management of large networks of “Things” (i.e., equipment, smart devices, actu￾ators, sensors) toward a new generation of applications and platforms for smart

environments, business, and services.

Such systems that bridge the cyber world of computing and communications

with the physical world are a collection of task-oriented or dedicated subsystems,

that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex

system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the

constituent subsystems. Among others, such a new design paradigm exhibits

increased flexibility to interact with, and expand the capabilities of, the physical

world through monitoring, computation, communication, coordination, and

decision-making mechanisms. Thus, it is expected that such an emerging multi￾disciplinary frontier will enable revolutionary changes in the way humans live,

while it is also expected to be a key enabler for future technology developments.

Furthermore, since the computing and communication capabilities will soon be

embedded in all types of objects and structures in the physical environment, the

previously mentioned objectives are expected to be widely deployed in the near

future. Applications with enormous societal impact and economic benefit will be

created by harnessing these capabilities across both space and time domains.

One of the application domains where IoT technology is widely deployed affects

the energy systems, which are chaining fundamentally and fast. More precisely, the

importance of individual energy sources and options for power generation are

changing, as are the ways in which electricity is transmitted and distributed. In

addition to that, power generation is becoming more and more decentralized,

making grid management increasingly complex and challenging aspect. Thus, it is

v

upmost important to employ a new information and communication technology

(ICT) in order to support the proper orchestration of these systems. IoT platforms

promise to deliver this cutting-edge products and services for meeting the previ￾ously mentioned challenges by covering the entire energy value chain.

Therefore, the purpose of this book is twofold. Firstly, to be used as an

undergraduate- or graduate-level textbook for introduction to topics related to the

design and implementation of IoT systems for the smart-grid domain, where the

fundamentals as well as details in the many facets of this domain are analyzed.

Secondly, it can be used as reference for researchers in the field. For this purpose,

the book is organized in two parts.

Part I of the book includes a number of chapters that discuss fundamental

components for realizing IoT platforms targeting the smart-grid domain. These

chapters can be used as an introductory course in this domain either at the

undergraduate or graduate level. Relative information is often summarized here in

order to make each chapter as self-contained as possible. At the same time, after the

introduction to the fundamentals, the following advances in the area are summa￾rized in a survey manner with appropriate references, so that the student can

immediately build upon the fundamentals, while the practising researcher can easily

find relative information.

Part II of the book discusses a number of case studies related to the computerized

monitor and control of energy systems. More precisely, we highlight how it is

possible to employ a number of distributed wireless sensors and actuators in order

to control buildings’ heating/cooling services with the minimum energy cost.

Additionally, at this part we also describe in detail the main features provided by a

commercial product in the domain of monitoring large-scale smart grids. Finally,

the last chapter in this book provides a survey that summarizes the EU-funded

projects in the domain of smart grids. According to this analysis, an interested

reader might conclude about the open issues, as well as the research directions in

this field.

Finally, the editors would like to thank all the people who helped make this book

possible, by contributing and providing reviews and experimental results.

Thessaloniki, Greece Kostas Siozios

Athens, Greece Dimitrios Anagnostos

Athens, Greece Dimitrios Soudris

Xanthi, Greece Elias Kosmatopoulos

August 2018

vi Preface

Acknowledgements

The editors would like to thank all the contributors who paid a lot of effort in order

this book to reflect the current state-of-the-art technology in the domain of IoT

systems for smart grid, but at the same time to be a handbook that summarizes open

challenges in this field for interested readers and under-/postgraduate students.

vii

Contents

Part I Fundamental Topics and Technologies for IoT Systems

Targeting Smart-Grid Domain

1 Mastering the Challenges of Changing Energy Systems:

The Smart-Grid Concept ................................. 3

Kostas Siozios

2 Edge Computing for Smart Grid: An Overview

on Architectures and Solutions ............................ 21

Farzad Samie, Lars Bauer and Jörg Henkel

3 Smart-Grid Modelling and Simulation ...................... 43

Dimitris Ziouzios, Argiris Sideris, Dimitris Tsiktsiris

and Minas Dasygenis

4 Communication Protocols for the IoT-Based Smart Grid ........ 55

Sotirios K. Goudos, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis I. Dallas

and Sofoklis Kyriazakos

5 Smart Grid Hardware Security ............................ 85

Argiris Sideris, Dimitris Tsiktsiris, Dimitris Ziouzios

and Minas Dasygenis

6 Edge Computing and Efficient Resource Management

for Integration of Video Devices in Smart

Grid Deployments ...................................... 115

Ioannis Galanis, Sai Saketh Nandan Perala

and Iraklis Anagnostopoulos

7 Solar Energy Forecasting in the Era of IoT Enabled

Smart Grids .......................................... 133

Dimitrios Anagnostos

ix

8 Data Analytic for Improving Operations and Maintenance

in Smart-Grid Environment .............................. 147

Nikolaos Karagiorgos and Kostas Siozios

9 On Accelerating Data Analytics: An Introduction

to the Approximate Computing Technique ................... 163

Georgios Zervakis

Part II Case Studies About Computerized Monitor and Control

of Energy Systems

10 Towards Plug&Play Smart Thermostats for Building’s

Heating/Cooling Control ................................. 183

Charalampos Marantos, Christos Lamprakos, Kostas Siozios

and Dimitrios Soudris

11 A Framework for Supporting Energy Transactions

in Smart-Grid Environment .............................. 209

Kostas Siozios

12 Centralized Monitoring and Power Plant Controller

Targeting Smart-Grids: The Inaccess Platform ................ 225

Spyridon Apostolakos, Ioannis Grammatikakis, Dimitrios Mexis,

Ioannis Karras and Avgerinos-Vasileios Sakellariou

13 A Survey of Research Activities in the Domain of Smart

Grid Systems.......................................... 253

Nikolaos Karagiorgos and Kostas Siozios

x Contents

Contributors

Iraklis Anagnostopoulos Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Dimitrios Anagnostos School of ECE, National Technical University of Athens,

Athens, Greece; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Spyridon Apostolakos Athens, Greece

Lars Bauer Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany

Panagiotis I. Dallas Wireless Network Systems Division, INTRACOM

Telecom S.A., Athens, Greece

Minas Dasygenis Department of Informatics and Telecommunications

Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece

Ioannis Galanis Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Southern

Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Sotirios K. Goudos Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

Thessaloniki, Greece

Ioannis Grammatikakis Inaccess Networks S.A., Athens, Greece

Jörg Henkel Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany

Nikolaos Karagiorgos School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

Thessaloniki, Greece

Ioannis Karras Inaccess Networks S.A., Athens, Greece

Sofoklis Kyriazakos Department of Business Development and Technology,

Aarhus University, Herning, Denmark

xi

Christos Lamprakos School of ECE, National Technical University of Athens,

Athens, Greece

Charalampos Marantos School of ECE, National Technical University of

Athens, Athens, Greece

Dimitrios Mexis Inaccess Networks S.A., Athens, Greece

Sai Saketh Nandan Perala Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Avgerinos-Vasileios Sakellariou Inaccess Networks S.A., Athens, Greece

Farzad Samie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany

Panagiotis Sarigiannidis Department of Informatics and Telecommunications

Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece

Argiris Sideris Department of Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering,

University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece

Kostas Siozios School of ECE, National Technical University of Athens, Athens,

Greece; School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,

Greece

Dimitrios Soudris School of ECE, National Technical University of Athens,

Athens, Greece

Dimitris Tsiktsiris Department of Informatics and Telecommunications

Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece

Georgios Zervakis School of ECE, National Technical University of Athens,

Athens, Greece

Dimitris Ziouzios Department of Informatics and Telecommunications

Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece

xii Contributors

Acronyms

AC Alternating Current

ALM Application Logic Module

AMI Automated Measurement Infrastructure

API Application Programming Interface

ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit

BEM Building Energy Management

BLE Bluetooth Low Energy

CAM Communications Adapter Module

CES Cryogenic Energy Storage

CMMS Computerized Maintenance Management System

CMS Central Monitoring System

CoAP Constrained Application Protocol

CSV Comma-Separated Value

DDoS Distributed DoS

DER Distributed Energy Resources

DMS Demand Management System

DoS Denial of Service

DR Demand Response

DRES Distributed Renewable Energy Sources

DSM Demand-Side Management

DSOs Distribution System Operators

EDC Energy Distribution Center

EPS Electrical Power System

ETP European Technology Platform

EV Electric Vehicle

FEG Flexible Energy Grid

FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array

GES Grid Energy Storage

HAS Home Automation System

HDL Hardware Description Language

xiii

HEMS Home Energy Management System

HiL Hardware in the Loop

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning

HVDC High-Voltage Direct Current

HW Hardware

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

IEM Internal Energy Market

IMS Information Management Systems

IoE Internet of Energy

IoT Internet of Things

KhW Kilowatt hour (KhW)

LCOE Levelized Cost of Electricity

LCP Load Connection Point

LPWA Low Power Wide Area

LSS Large-Scale Systems

LV Low Voltage

M2M Machine to Machine

MAS Multiagent Systems

MiL Model in the -Loop

MPC Model Predictive Control

NAN Neighbor Area Network

NFC Near Field Communication

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NSM Notification Server Module

P2P Peer to Peer

PCC Point of Common Coupling

PE Power Electronic

PID Proportional–Integral–Derivative

PPC Power Plant Controller

PPD Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied People

PV Photovoltaic

QoE Quality of Experience

RES Renewable Energy Sources

RFID Radio-Frequency IDentification

RSM Reporting Server Module

RTL Register-Transfer Level

RTS Run-Time Situation

SDL Specification and Description Language

SESP Smart Energy Service Provider

SG Smart Grid

SiL Software in the Loop

SoC System on Chip

SW Software

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TLM Transaction-Level Model

xiv Acronyms

ToU Time of Use

TRL Technology Readiness Level

TSO Transmission System Operator

UML Uni

fied Modeling Language

VES Virtual Energy Storage

VSP Virtual Storage Plants

WSNs Wireless Sensor Networks

Acronyms xv