Introduction to Environmental Management

ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT

Introduction to

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT

Introduction to

Mary K. Theodore

Louis Theodore

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 20131120

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vii

Contents

Preface.......................................................................................................................xi

Authors ................................................................................................................... xiii

Contributing Authors ...............................................................................................xv

Part I Overview

Chapter 1 Introduction to Environmental Issues ..................................................3

Chapter 2 Environmental Regulations ..................................................................7

Chapter 3 International Regulations ................................................................... 31

Chapter 4 ISO 14000........................................................................................... 45

Contributing Author: Lauren De Sanctis

Chapter 5 Multimedia Concerns ......................................................................... 61

Chapter 6 Classifi cation and Sources of Pollutants ............................................ 71

Chapter 7 Effects of Pollutants ...........................................................................83

Chapter 8 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering ..........................................97

Contributing Author: Vincenza Imperiale

Chapter 9 Sustainability .................................................................................... 107

Part II Air

Chapter 10 Air Pollution Control Equipment ..................................................... 121

Chapter 11 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling .................................................. 135

viii Contents

Chapter 12 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming ......................................... 145

Contributing Author: Shannon O’Brien

Chapter 13 Air Toxics ......................................................................................... 157

Chapter 14 Indoor Air Quality ........................................................................... 165

Chapter 15 Vapor Intrusion ................................................................................. 181

Part III Water

Chapter 16 Water Chemistry .............................................................................. 191

Contributing Author: Richard F. Carbonaro

Chapter 17 Safe Drinking Water ........................................................................ 201

Contributing Author: Richard F. Carbonaro

Chapter 18 Municipal Wastewater Treatment ..................................................... 211

Chapter 19 Industrial Wastewater Management .................................................223

Chapter 20 Dispersion Modeling in Water Systems ........................................... 233

Chapter 21 Acid Rain ..........................................................................................243

Part IV Solid Waste

Chapter 22 Municipal Solid Waste Management ............................................... 255

Chapter 23 Industrial Waste Management ..........................................................265

Chapter 24 Hospital Waste Management ............................................................ 275

Chapter 25 Nuclear Waste Management .............................................................285

Contents ix

Chapter 26 Underground Storage Tanks .............................................................297

Chapter 27 Superfund .........................................................................................307

Chapter 28 Asbestos ........................................................................................... 317

Chapter 29 Metals ............................................................................................... 325

Part V Pollution Prevention

Chapter 30 The Pollution Prevention Concept .................................................... 335

Chapter 31 Pollution Prevention Applications .................................................... 347

Chapter 32 Introduction to Health, Safety, and Accident Management ............. 355

Chapter 33 Health, Safety, and Accident Management Applications ................. 363

Chapter 34 Introduction to Energy Conservation ............................................... 373

Chapter 35 Energy Conservation Applications ................................................... 381

Chapter 36 Architecture in the Environment: History,

Practice, and Change ........................................................................387

Part VI Environmental Risk

Chapter 37 Introduction to Environmental Risk Assessment .............................399

Chapter 38 Health Risk Assessment ...................................................................407

x Contents

Chapter 39 Hazard Risk Assessment .................................................................. 417

Chapter 40 Public Perception of Risk ................................................................. 425

Chapter 41 Risk Communication ........................................................................ 433

Part VII Other Areas of Interest

Chapter 42 The EPA Dilemma ...........................................................................449

Contributing Author: Anna M. Daversa

Chapter 43 Electromagnetic Fields .....................................................................463

Chapter 44 Noise Pollution ................................................................................. 473

Chapter 45 Used Oil ............................................................................................483

Chapter 46 Environmental Audits ...................................................................... 493

Chapter 47 Economics ........................................................................................ 501

Chapter 48 Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology .............................509

Chapter 49 Environmental Ethics ....................................................................... 523

Chapter 50 Environmental Justice ...................................................................... 535

Contributing Author: Francesco Ricci

Index ......................................................................................................................545

xi

Preface

In the last four decades, there has been an increased awareness of a wide range

of environmental issues covering all sources: air, land, and water. More and more

people are becoming aware of these environmental concerns, and it is important that

professional people, many of whom do not possess an understanding of environmen￾tal problems, have the proper information available when involved with environmen￾tal issues. All professionals should have a basic understanding of the technical and

scientifi c terms related to these issues as well as the regulations involved. Hopefully,

this book will serve the needs of the professional by increasing his or her awareness

of (and help solve) the environmental problems that society is facing now.

This book is primarily intended for individuals who have a limited environmental

technical background. It is presented in simple, understandable terms for students,

practicing engineers and scientists, lawyers, news media executives, business per￾sonnel, and even the consumers who need to know the fundamentals of the many

environmental issues that exist and will continue to exist in the future. The authors’

objective is also to provide both background material on numerous environmental

issues and information on what each individual can do to help alleviate some of these

problems.

This book is divided into seven parts. Part I provides an overview that includes

an introduction to environmental issues, regulations, and types of pollutants. Part II

deals with issues related to air pollution. It includes material on how air pollution

can be controlled, and on the quality of indoor air, which is an issue in many offi ce

buildings today. Part III discusses the problems of pollution in water and methods

to control this problem. Part IV focuses on solid waste management. It examines the

different types of solid waste, such as hazardous, medical, and nuclear, and treat￾ment techniques for each. This part also includes material on the Superfund program

and the result of its effort to clean up waste sites.

Part V focuses on three pollution prevention topic areas, including health, safety,

and accident prevention, energy conservation, and waste reduction. Since the con￾cern with many of the environmental issues arises because of the risks involved,

Part VI examines how risks are perceived and communicated, and how individuals

can be educated about these risks. Part VII provides information on other areas of

interest in the environmental arena. These include many popular topics like electro￾magnetic fi elds, environmental implications of nanotechnology, and ethical issues as

they relate to the environment.

Mary K. Theodore

Louis Theodore

xiii

Authors

Mary K. Theodore received her BA degree in English from Manhattan College and

MA from Queens in Applied Linguistics.

Ms. Theodore is presently the president of Theodore Tutorials, a company that

specializes in providing training needs to industry, government, and academia.

She is the author of the chapter entitled “Domestic Solutions” in the Handbook of

Environmental Management and Technology (Wiley-Interscience, 1993; the only

nontechnical chapter in the handbook); coauthor of the unpublished, but copy￾righted, work A Citizen’s Guide to Pollution Prevention; and, coauthor of Major

Environmental Issues Facing the 21st Century (Prentice-Hall, 1996). The latter text

effectively integrated the concept of “sustainable growth without environmental

degradation” at both the industrial and domestic levels. Ms. Theodore is currently an

adjunct faculty member at Nassau County Community College.

Since marriage and the birth of her fi rst child, Ms. Theodore has devoted a sig￾nifi cant part of her life to help solve the environmental problems facing society from

a domestic point of view. A proactive environmentalist with no ties to any of the

environmental organizations in vogue today, she has also lectured in this area. She

was recently involved with the development of a nontechnical environmental calen￾dar that serves as a consumer and youth outreach product.

Ms. Theodore resides in East Williston, Long Island, New York, with her husband

of 42 years and their three children—Georgeen, Molleen, and Patrick.

Louis Theodore is a professor of chemical engineering at Manhattan College,

Riverdale, New York. Born and raised in Hell’s Kitchen, he received his MChE and

EngScD from New York University and his BChE from The Cooper Union. Over the

past 49 years, Dr. Theodore has been a successful educator, researcher, professional

innovator, and communicator in the fi eld of engineering. He has taught courses in

environmental management, hazardous waste incineration, accident and emergency

management, pollution prevention, and air pollution and its control at Manhattan

College.

Dr. Theodore is an internationally recognized lecturer who has provided nearly

200 courses to industry, government, and technical associations; he has served as

an after-dinner or luncheon speaker on numerous occasions; and he has appeared

on television as a guest commentator and a news spokesperson. He has developed

training materials and has served as the principal moderator/lecturer for U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) courses on hazardous waste incinera￾tion, pollution prevention, and air pollution control equipment. He has also served

as a consultant to several industrial companies in the fi eld of environmental man￾agement, and is presently a consultant/expert witness for the USEPA and the U.S.

Department of Justice.

Dr. Theodore has written 81 text/reference books including Pollution Prevention

(Van Nostrand Reinhold), Engineering and Environmental Ethics (John Wiley &

xiv Authors

Sons), Air Pollution Control Equipment (Prentice-Hall), and Introduction to

Hazardous Waste Incineration (Wiley-Interscience); he has also been a section

author/editor in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (McGraw-Hill),

Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions (John Wiley & Sons),

and Nanotech nology: Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists (John Wiley &

Sons). He is also the cofounder of Theodore Tutorials, a company specializing in pro￾viding training needs to industry, government, and academia; included in this series

of 21 texts are four tutorials concerned with the professional engineer’s (PE) exam.

Dr. Theodore is the recipient of the prestigious Ripperton award by the International

Air and Waste Management Association that is “presented to an outstanding educator

who through example, dedication, and innovation has so inspired students to

achieve excellence in their professional endeavors.” He was also the recipient of the

American Society of Engineering Education AT&T Foundation award for “excel￾lence in the instruction of engineering students.” Dr. Theodore was recently honored

at Madison Square Garden in 2008 for his contributions to basketball and the youth

of America.

Dr. Theodore is a member of Phi Lambda Upsilon, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi,

American Chemical Society, American Society of Engineering Education, Royal

Hellenic Society, and the International Air and Waste Management Association.

He is also certifi ed to referee scholastic basketball games through his membership

in the International Association of Approved Basketball Offi cials. He has previously

served on a Presidential Crime Commission under Gerald Ford and provided testi￾mony as a representative of the pari-mutuel wagerer (horseplayer). His column “AS

I SEE IT,” a monthly feature of several Long Island newspapers, addresses social,

economic, political, technical, and sports issues.