Introducing SQL Server 2008 pdf

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v

Contents at a Glance

1 Security and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3 Type System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4 Programmability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

5 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6 Enhancements for High Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

7 Business Intelligence Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

vii

Table of Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Introduction ...................................................... xvii

T-SQL: Still Here to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Working with Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

Who Should Read This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xviii

Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix

1 Security and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Policy-Based Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Policy Management in SQL Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Policy-Based Management in SQL Server Management Studio . . . . . . . . 2

Policy-Based Management Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Policy Checking and Preventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Policy-Based Management in Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Auditing SQL Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

C2 Audit Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Other Audit Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Auditing in SQL Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

The Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Audit Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Audit Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Bonus Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

viii Table of Contents

Transparent Data Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

What Is Transparent Data Encryption? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Why Use TDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

How Does TDE Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Certificate and Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Extensible Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

EKM in Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Resource Governor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Resource Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Workload Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

The Classifier Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Creating Resource Pools and Workload Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Data and Backup Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Backup Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Using Resource Governor to Minimize CPU Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Other Notes Regarding Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Performance Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Data Collection Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Creating Collection Sets and Items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Collecting Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Query Plan Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Plan Forcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Plan Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Viewing Plan Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3 Type System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

HIERARCHYID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Compact Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Creating and Managing a Hierarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Indexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Working with HIERARCHYID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Table of Contents ix

FILESTREAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Configuring FILESTREAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Using FILESTREAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Spatial Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Types of Spatial Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Working with the Spatial Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Spatial Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Spatial in the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

XML Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

XML Schema Validation Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

XQuery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

New Date and Time Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

New Data and Time Functions and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Notes on Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

User-Defined Table Types and Table-Valued Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

User-Defined Table Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Table-Valued Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Table-Valued Parameters in Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

4 Programmability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Variable Declaration and Assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Table Value Constructor Through VALUE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Merge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

The WHEN Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

GROUP BY GROUPING SETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

GROUPING SETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

ROLLUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

CUBE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

GROUPING_ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Miscellaneous Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Object Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

CLR Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Large Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Large User-Defined Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Null Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Order Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

System CLR Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

x Table of Contents

SQL Server Management Studio Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Intellisense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Service Broker Enhancements in SSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

PowerShell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

5 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Sparse Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

What Is a Sparse Column? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

When to Use Sparse Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Sparse Column Rules and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Column Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Filtered Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Filtered Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Filtered Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

6 Enhancements for High Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Database Mirroring Enhancements in SQL Server 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Automatic Page Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Log Performance Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Transparent Client Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

SQL Server Clustering Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Windows Server 2008 Clustering Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

SQL Server Cluster Setup and Deployment Improvements . . . . . . . . . . 206

Rolling Upgrades and Patches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Cluster Validation Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

High-Availability-Related Dynamic Management Views

Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

7 Business Intelligence Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

SQL Server Integration Services Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Performing ETL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Lookup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Data Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Other New Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Table of Contents xi

SQL Server Reporting Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Report Designer in SQL Server Business Intelligence

Development Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Report Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

New Controls in Both Authoring Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Microsoft Office Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

SQL Server Analysis Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Block Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Analysis Services Enhanced Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Enhancement to Writeback Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Scalable Shared Databases for SSAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Other New Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

xiii

Foreword

A few years ago, I began to discover our home laptop was turned off nearly every time I

went to use it. I asked my wife, Claudia, to leave it on, especially in the early evening when we

found ourselves using it the most. However, the trend of finding it in the off state continued.

As I headed down the stairs to the living room, I discovered that she was not the culprit. I

watched in awe as my then two-and-a-half-year-old son pressed the power button (which

glowed an inviting blue color). He then moved the mouse until the pointer was over the even

more enticing red Turn Off button on the screen, and then he clicked the mouse.

I was so proud!

Christopher hadn’t been taught how to do this feat; he simply watched us and then at￾tempted it himself, and with great success. I realized that there are some things about using a

computer that are essentially innate. My daughter, Kate, who is still not quite two years old, is

already trying to follow in his footsteps.

Yes, our kids have had all the usual milestones (walking, talking, and so on), but certain ones,

such as shutting down Windows XP, were not on the list of things to watch for. I can’t wait to

see what they do next.

On to business…

Of course, learning to use SQL Server requires a little more foundation than the instinctive

basics of moving and clicking a mouse; this is where learning materials such as this book

come into play. I had the good fortune of being able to not only dig deep into this product,

but to have access to some people who helped design and implement it. For me, learning

in this manner allowed me to get some great insight. I hope this work gives you enough in￾formation and insight so that you can dig deeper into this latest release and to use it to the

fullest extent. And may I suggest that you let your inner child take the reins and guide your

exploration into the world of SQL Server 2008.