International Maritime Labour Law

123

International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs

at the University of Hamburg

Laura Carballo Piñeiro

International

Maritime Labour Law

HAMBURG STUDIES ON MARITIME AFFAIRS 34

International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS)

for Maritime Affairs

at the University of Hamburg

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/6888

Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs

Volume 34

Edited by

Ju¨rgen Basedow

Monika Breuch-Moritz

Peter Ehlers

Hartmut Graßl

Tatiana Ilyina

Florian Jeßberger

Lars Kaleschke

Hans-Joachim Koch

Robert Koch

Doris K€onig

Rainer Lagoni

Gerhard Lammel

Ulrich Magnus

Peter Mankowski

Stefan Oeter

Marian Paschke

Thomas Pohlmann

Uwe Schneider

Detlef Stammer

Ju¨rgen Su¨ndermann

Ru¨diger Wolfrum

Wilfried Zahel

Laura Carballo Pi~neiro

International Maritime

Labour Law

Laura Carballo Pi~neiro

Departamento de Derecho Comu´n

University of Santiago de Compostela

Santiago de Compostela

Spain

The publishing costs were partially covered by the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation

ISSN 1614-2462 ISSN 1867-9587 (electronic)

Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs

ISBN 978-3-662-47031-2 ISBN 978-3-662-47032-9 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-47032-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940437

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Acknowledgements

This study would have not been possible without the generous support of the

Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. I was awarded a Humboldt scholarship for

experienced researchers, which founded a research stay of 15 months at the Max

Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law. The Alexander von

Humboldt Foundation has also generously supported the publication of this book.

In the process of getting each of them, I was kindly assisted by its personnel to

whom I am indebted.

The topic of this study goes back to my background and my country, Galicia. But

it found the perfect environment to be developed in Hamburg under the direction of

Professor Basedow, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and

International Private Law. I would like to express my most sincere appreciation

for his comments and always generous support. His commitment to research, open

mind and readiness for discussion are a source of inspiration. I am also indebted to

him in that he accepted this book in the Hamburg Series on Maritime Affairs.

It goes without saying that the research of this study would not have been

possible without the unique collection of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative

and International Private Law, which has turned Hamburg in a meeting point of

researchers from around the world, making cross-fertilisation possible. I am very

grateful to the Max Planck Institute’s staff for all their assistance and affection and

to all the colleagues who I have met there for discussion, encouragement and

friendship.

The study has also benefitted from further subsidies granted by the Galician

Regional Government in the framework of the European Regional Development

Fund. They were first granted to De Conflictu legum research group based in the

University of Santiago de Compostela and to a research network on maritime

employment, including researchers of the Universities of A Coru~na, Santiago de

Compostela and Vigo. I thank all of them for their support in the proofreading of

this book undertaken by Luis Alonso and Carolyn Black.

Last but not the least, special thanks are owed to my family and friends for their

care and patience. They have inspired this book in that first-hand experience of the

v

work at sea has been provided by relatives and friends of mine working as

fishermen. This book is dedicated to all of them and their daughters and sons, in

particular to Sara, Eva, Alejandro and Bruno.

This study strives to state the law as of 28 February 2015.

Santiago de Compostela, Spain Laura Carballo Pi~neiro

March 2015

vi Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

ADCo Anuario de Derecho Concursal

ADM Anuario de Derecho Marı´timo

ADMO Annuaire de Droit Maritime et Oce´anique

AEDIPr Anuario espa~nol de Derecho internacional privado

ArbG Arbeitsgericht

ArbRB Arbeitsrechtsberater

AS Aranzadi Social

BAG Bundesarbeitsgericht

BB Betriebs-Berater

BGH Bundesgerichtshof

BOE Boletı´n Oficial del Estado

Bull. Civ. V Bulletin des arreˆst de la Cour de Cassation. Chambres

Civiles. No. V

BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht

BYIL The British Yearbook of International Law

Cass. Soc. Cassation social

Cass. civ. Cassation civil

CDT Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional

Ch. com. Chamber of commerce

Ch. civ. Chamber civil

Chr. D. S. -Soc. Kron. Chroniques de droit social/Sociaalrechtelijke kronieken

CJ Court of Justice of the European Community/European

Union

CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union

Clunet Journal de droit international

CMLR Common Market Law Review

Comp Lab L & Pol’y J Comparative Labour Law & Policy Journal

Cour. Cass. Cour de Cassation

CYELS Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies

vii

Dir. Com. Int. Diritto del Commercio Internazionale

DMF Le Droit Maritime Franc¸ais

DirMar Il Diritto Marittimo

EBLR European Business Law Review

ECHR European Convention for the Protection of Human

Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

ECtHR European Court of Human Rights

EEA European Economic Area

EIR Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000, of 29 May 2000, on

insolvency proceedings

EJLL European Journal of Labour Law

E L Rev European Law Review

E T L European Transport Law

EuZA Europa¨ische Zeitschrift fu¨r Arbeitsrecht

EuZW Europa¨ische Zeitschrift fu¨r Wirtschaftsrecht

EWCA England and Wales Court of Appeals

GEDIP Groupe europee´n de droit international prive´/European

Group of Private International Law

German L J German Law Journal

Hous J Int’l L Houston Journal of International Law

ICJ International Court of Justice

IJCLLIR The International Journal of Comparative Labour Law

and Industrial Relations

ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly

ILO International Labour Organization

IMO International Maritime Organization

Int’l Lab Rev International Labour Review

Int’l Trade L J International Trade Law Journal

IPRax Praxis des internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrecht

IPRspr Die deutsche Rechtsprechung auf dem Gebiete des

Internationalen Privatrechts

ITF International Transport Workers’ Federation

JIML The Journal of International Maritime Law

J Mar L & Com Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce

J Priv Int L Journal of Private International Law

JUR Jurisprudencia Aranzadi

LAG Landesarbeitsgericht

L M C L Q Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly

LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series

LOPJ Ley Orga´nica del Poder Judicial

MLR The Modern Law Review

NIPR Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht

NJ Nederlandse Jurisprudentie

NVwZ Neue Zeitschrift fu¨r Verwaltungsrecht

viii Abbreviations

N Y U L Rev New York University Law Review

Nw J Int’l L & Bus Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

NZA Neue Zeitschrift fu¨r Arbeitsrecht

NZS Neue Zeitschrift fu¨r Sozialrecht

NZV Neue Zeitschrift fu¨r Verkehrsrecht

OJ Official Journal of the European Community/European

Union

OLG Oberlandesgericht

RabelsZ Rabels Zeitschreift fu¨r internationales Privatrecht

RCP Revista de Derecho Concursal y Paraconcursal

RdA Recht der Arbeit. Zeitschrift fu¨r die Wissenschaft und

Praxis des gesamten Arbeitsrechts

RCDIP Revue critique de droit international prive´

RDCE Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo

RDC-TBH Revue de droit commercial belge

R des C Recueil des Cours

RDIPP Rivista di diritto internazionale privato e processuale

REDI Revista espa~nola de derecho internacional

RGD Revista General del Derecho

RGDE Revista General de Derecho Europeo

RGDTSS Revista General de Derecho del Trabajo y de la

Seguridad Social

RGLPS Rivista Giuridica del Lavoro e della Previdenza Sociale

RHDI Revue Helle´nique de Droit International

Riv. dir. int. Rivista di Diritto internazionale

R I T Revista internacional del trabajo

RIW Recht der internationalen Wirtschaft

RJ Repertorio de Jurisprudencia Aranzadi

RTDciv Revue trimestrielle de droit civil

SAP Sentencia de Audiencia Provincial

SSAP Sentencias de Audiencia Provincial

SES Schip en Schade

STCW Convention Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and

Watchkeeping 197.

STCW-F Convention International Convention on Standards of Training,

Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel

Personnel, 199.

SOLAS International Convention for the Safeguarding of

Human Life at Sea

STS Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo

SSTS Sentencias del Tribunal Supremo

STSJ Sentencia del Tribunal Superior de Justicia

SSTSJ Sentencias de Tribunal Superior de Justicia

S. U. Sezione Unita

Abbreviations ix

TEC Treaty of the European Communities

TFEU Treaty of Functioning of the European Union

Tex Int’l L J Texas International Law Journal

Transp L J Transportation Law Journal

TranspR Transportrecht

Trib. Trav. Tribunal de travail

TRLPEMM Texto Refundido de la Ley de Puertos del Estado y de la

Marina Mercante

Tul Mar L J Tulane Maritime Law Journal

U Chi L Rev The University of Chicago Law Review

U Miami L Rev University of Miami Law Review

UNCLOS 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNTS United Nations Treaty Series

Utrecht L R Utrecht Law Review

WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs

Yale L J Yale Law Journal

YPIL Yearbook of Private International Law

Za€oRV Zeitschrift fu¨r ausla¨ndisches €offentliches Recht und

V€olkerrecht

ZEuP Zeitscrift fu¨r europa¨isches Privatrecht

ZfA Zeitschrift fu¨r Arbeitsrecht

ZIAS Zeitschrift fu¨r ausla¨ndisches und internationales

Arbeits- und Sozialrecht

ZZPInt Zeitschrift fu¨r Zivilprozeß international

ZVglRWiss Zeitschrift fu¨r vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft

x Abbreviations

Contents

1 Introduction ........................................... 1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 The Internationalisation of Maritime Employment: Factors

and Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 The Principle of Freedom of the Seas, a Ship’s Nationality and

the Law Governing Labour and Employment Matters on Board . . . 13

2.3 The Internationalisation of Maritime Employment: Developments

in Ship Registration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3.1 The Fight Against the Flight of Shipping and Fishing

Fleets to Flags of Convenience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3.2 Capitulation: International Registries and Second

Registries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4 The Internationalisation of Maritime Employment: Parties

to the Maritime Employment Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.4.2 Maritime Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.4.3 Maritime Employers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.5 International Labour Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.5.2 Minimum Labour Standards in the Shipping Industry . . . . 46

2.5.3 Labour Standards in the Fishing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.5.4 Compliance and Enforcement of International

Labour Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3 International Jurisdiction Over Individual Employment Contracts. . . 75

3.1 Jurisdictional Regimes . ............................... 75

3.2 International Jurisdiction Over Individual Employment Contracts in

the Brussels–Lugano System: Section 5, Chapter II . . ......... 79

3.2.1 Rationale and Structure .......................... 79

xi

3.2.2 Scope of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.2.3 The Employee as Plaintiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

3.2.4 Seafarers as Defendants: Which Courts Can They Be

Sued In? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

3.2.5 Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3.3 Further Heads of Jurisdiction Laid Down by National Legislation:

Special Reference to Article 25 of the Spanish Judiciary Act . . . . 123

3.4 Conventions on the Arrest of Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

3.4.1 Scope of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

3.4.2 Maritime Claims and Sums due to Seafarers . . . . . . . . . . . 131

3.4.3 Requirements for Adopting the Provisional Measure . . . . . 135

3.4.4 Forum Arresti and International Jurisdiction to Decide upon

the Merits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

3.5 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

4 The Law Applicable to Individual Employment Contracts . . . . . . . . 151

4.1 Sources of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

4.2 Scope of Application of Article 8 of the Rome I Regulation . . . . . 155

4.2.1 Territorial Scope of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

4.2.2 Material Scope of Application: Issues Included

in Article 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

4.2.3 Material Scope of Application: Issues Excluded From

Article 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

4.3 Connections Provided for in Article 8 Rome I Regulation . . . . . . . 178

4.3.1 Origins and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

4.3.2 Party Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

4.3.3 Applicable Law in the Absence of Choice of Law . . . . . . . 189

4.4 Overriding Mandatory Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

4.5 The Public Order Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

5 Collective Labour Relations and Private International Law . . . . . . . 229

5.1 Introduction: The Role of Trade Union Activities in the Maritime

Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

5.2 Freedom of Association and the Rights to Collective Bargaining and

Industrial Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

5.2.1 International Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

5.2.2 Regulatory Models and Resulting Legal Diversity with

Special Reference to Industrial Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

5.2.3 Industrial Action and EU Market Freedoms . . . . . . . . . . . 242

5.3 Cross-Border Collective Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

5.3.1 Classification of Problems: The Extraterritorial

Application of National Collective Agreements and

Transnational Collective Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

xii Contents

5.3.2 Transnational Collective Agreements and Private

International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

5.4 Industrial Action and Private International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

5.4.1 The Lawfulness of Industrial Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

5.4.2 Industrial Action and Non-contractual Obligations . . . . . . 277

5.5 Information, Consultation and Negotiation with Employees . . . . . 298

5.5.1 National Models and EU Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

5.5.2 International Jurisdiction Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

5.5.3 Conflict of Laws Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Table of Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

About the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime

Affairs at the University of Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Contents xiii

Chapter 1

Introduction

Maritime law, including maritime employment, is the testing ground for the

globalisation process, which is encouraging the gradual internationalisation of

both economies and societies, driven by innovations in technology and communi￾cations.1 This process contrasts with the fact that private international disputes have

so far been legally addressed as rarae aves, i.e., as exceptions to the domestic

situations for which legislative policies are generally conceived. While the latter are

characterised by predictable uniformity—although varying to a certain extent in

socio-economic terms—the same cannot be said of the former since their contact

with different jurisdictions results in different degrees of internationalisation

involving different levels of cultural, societal and economic discrepancies.

However, the marginal role played by private international disputes has recently

been challenged, with the permeability of borders at the core of the political

discussion.2 The globalisation process involves the opening up of both societies

and economies, as well as an inevitable and inexorable blurring of legislative

power, which was almost exclusively in the hands of states until recently. It is

becoming increasingly difficult for states to control their societies and economies

due in part to the relocation of businesses and migratory movements that lead to a

loss of power at the point of policy enforcement. This is the undesired result of

regulatory competition and stems from initiatives such as those entitling stake￾holders to indirectly select the law applicable to the situation in question by taking

1 See further Basedow (2013), pp. 82–133. 2 Dealing with the transformation of the concept of state resulting from the increasingly blurred

concepts of distance and border, which in turn are the consequence of changes in the concepts of

time and space due to innovations in technology; see Hinojosa Martı´nez (2005), p. 5, and more

specifically Michaels (2004), pp. 113–115; de Miguel Asensio (2001), pp. 43–44; Pamboukis

(2007), p. 87.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

L. Carballo Pin˜eiro, International Maritime Labour Law, Hamburg Studies on

Maritime Affairs 34, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-47032-9_1

1