Intelligent Environmental Sensing

Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 13

Intelligent

Environmental

Sensing

Henry Leung

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Editors

Smart Sensors, Measurement

and Instrumentation

Volume 13

Series editor

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT)

Massey University (Manawatu)

Palmerston North

New Zealand

E-mail: [email protected]

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10617

Henry Leung · Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Editors

Intelligent Environmental

Sensing

ABC

Editors

Henry Leung

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

University of Calgary

Calgary Alberta

Canada

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

School of Engineering and Advanced Techn.

Massey University (Turitea Campus)

Palmerston North

New Zealand

ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic)

Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation

ISBN 978-3-319-12891-7 ISBN 978-3-319-12892-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12892-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953596

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

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Preface

Environmental issues are always on the policy making agenda and industries have

to manage their environmental impact. Developing environmental sensing and

monitoring technologies become essential especially for industries that may cause

severe contamination to the eco-systems. According to industrial analysts, the

market for environmental sensing and monitoring technologies is projected to

reach US$17 billion by 2020. Currently there are three main approaches to

improve environmental sensing: developing novel environmental sensors,

designing more effective sensing algorithms to enhance detection performance

and using multiple sensors to form environmental sensor networks. These three

approaches are not exclusive but complimentary for an improved environmental

monitoring.

This book is written by experts using one or more of these three approaches of

intelligent environmental sensing in their own applications. The book gives a

snapshot of the current state of the art in environmental sensor technology,

sensory signal processing and wireless sensor networks for environmental

monitoring. It starts with a review of sensing technologies and different

environmental monitoring applications such as greenhouse monitoring, food

quality monitoring, water monitoring and wildlife monitoring. The other ten

chapters are dedicated to current researches on these three approaches to

environmental sensing.

Chapters 2 to 5 describe sensor technologies for environmental monitoring.

Chapter 2 presents a novel millimeter sized sensors called micro motes and their

deployment in situations without radio and Global Positioning System such as

underground oil reservoirs. Chapter 3 considers the volcanic ash monitoring

problem by using the sensor network approach. In particular, a novel low cost

smart multi-sensor node is developed to estimate flow rates, classify

granulometry, and discriminate volcanic ash from other types of sediments.

Chapter 4 reports a special designed sensor for ocean monitoring - a portable high

frequency surface wave radar. With advanced signal processing techniques, this

portable radar system can provide long range monitoring of sea currents, waves

and winds. Chapter 5 reports a motion sensor system to sense the tilt for landslide

monitoring. This system is shown to be able to detect small displacements during

a typhoon event.

Chapters 6 to 8 put more focus on the second approach, that is, advanced

algorithms, in particular, all three chapters consider using sensor fusion to enhance

the sensing performance. Chapter 6 considers the problem of water quality

VI Preface

monitoring by using an intelligent water monitoring system. This system uses

sensor fusion to combine different sensors including camera, Global Positioning

System, temperature sensor, PH sensor, conductivity sensor, dissolved oxygen

sensor, turbidity sensor and a special designed planar electrode sensor for water

quality monitoring. As remote sensing is widely used in environmental sensing,

Chapter 7 presents an effective image fusion approach to combine dissimilar

imagery data. The fuzzy integral is used to perform an optimal fusion and the

method can learn model parameters adaptively by using Kalman filter and

compressed sensing. Chapter 8 considers remote sensing for greenhouse precision

cultivation. The proposed novel system combines RFID, multi-spectral imaging

and plant-oriented sensing algorithm and develops a variable spraying system for

precision irrigation.

Interesting applications and detailed description of the wireless communication

aspects on wireless sensor networks for environmental sensing are presented in

Chapters 9 to 11. Chapter 9 gives a clear description on how to use the IEEE 1451

standard to develop a wireless sensor network for environmental sensing. The

authors use indoor air quality monitoring as a demonstration. Chapter 10 uses

wireless sensor network technology for an industrial monitoring problem. It

considers different wireless standards such as ZigBee, WirelessHART and then

develops a wireless sensor network system to monitor torque, speed and efficiency

of induction motors. Chapter 11 considers a unique monitoring problem – debris

flow. It introduces different types of debris flow monitoring systems in Taiwan

and the performance of the geological monitoring system on providing debris flow

warnings.

We would like to whole-heartedly thank all the authors for their contributions

to this book.

Henry Leung

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Contents

1 Sensing Technologies for Intelligent Environments: A Review .......... 1

Hemant Ghayvat, Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay, X. Gui

1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1

1.2 Monitoring of Environments ........................................................... 2

1.2.1 Wireless Systems................................................................. 3

1.2.2 Energy Harvesting and Management .................................. 6

1.2.3 Environmental Monitoring .................................................. 10

1.2.4 Greenhouse Monitoring ....................................................... 10

1.2.5 Food Quality Monitoring .................................................... 12

1.2.6 Monitoring of Wildlife ........................................................ 14

1.2.7 Home and Healthcare .......................................................... 17

1.2.8 Water Monitoring ................................................................ 22

1.3 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 23

References ................................................................................................ 23

2 Micro Motes: A Highly Penetrating Probe for Inaccessible

Environments .......................................................................................... 33

Elena Talnishnikh, J. van Pol, H.J. Wörtche

2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 33

2.2 Conceptual Approach ...................................................................... 35

2.2.1 Localization Problem .......................................................... 36

2.2.2 Aspects of Ultrasound Implementation in Micro Motes ..... 38

2.3 Proof of Principle ............................................................................ 39

2.3.1 The Test Site ....................................................................... 40

2.3.2 Prototype Blank Motes ........................................................ 41

2.3.3 The Field Test ..................................................................... 44

2.4 Conceptual Design of a First Generation of Sensor Motes ............. 45

2.5 Conclusive Remarks ........................................................................ 47

References ................................................................................................ 48

VIII Contents

3 A Multi-sensor Smart System for Vulcanic Ash Monitoring ............. 51

B. Andò, S. Baglio, V. Marletta

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 52

3.2 The Multi-sensor Node ................................................................... 55

3.3 The Methodology for Ash Granulometry Classification ................. 57

3.3.1 Modelling and Design of the Ash Granulometry Detection

System ................................................................................. 57

3.3.2 Synthesis and Characterization of the Sensing System ....... 60

3.3.3 ROC Analysis as a Methodology for Ash Granulometry

Classification ....................................................................... 65

3.4 Flow Rate Measurement.................................................................. 68

3.4.1 Design of the Sensing Architecture ..................................... 68

3.4.2 Characterization of the Flow-Rate Sensor ........................... 71

3.5 Volcanic Ash Discrimination .......................................................... 73

3.6 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 75

References ................................................................................................ 76

4 Portable High Frequency Surface Wave Radar OSMAR-S ............... 79

Hao Zhou, Biyang Wen

4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 79

4.2 Principle of Sea State Sensing ......................................................... 82

4.2.1 Barrick’s First-Order RCS Equation ................................... 82

4.2.2 Barrick’s Second-Order RCS Equation ............................... 84

4.3 Current Mapping in OSMAR-S ...................................................... 86

4.3.1 Radial Current Mapping ...................................................... 86

4.3.2 Wind Direction Mapping..................................................... 89

4.3.3 Total Current Vector Mapping ............................................ 89

4.4 Wave Height Estiamtion ................................................................. 91

4.4.1 Beamforming and Power Spectral Estimation..................... 91

4.4.1.1 Conventional Beamforming ................................. 91

4.4.1.2 Improved Beamforming ....................................... 92

4.4.2 Wave Extraction .................................................................. 94

4.4.2.1 Locating Second-Order Region ............................ 94

4.4.2.2 Wave Height Estimation ...................................... 95

4.5 Automatic Frequency Selection and RFI Suppression .................... 98

4.5.1 Automatic Frequency Selection (AFS) System ................... 98

4.5.2 RFI Suppression .................................................................. 100

4.6 Results of Field Comparison Experiments ...................................... 101

4.6.1 Hangzhou Bay Experiment ................................................. 101

4.6.2 Shanwei Experiment ........................................................... 104

4.6.3 Taiwan Strait Experiment .................................................... 106

Contents IX

4.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 107

References ................................................................................................ 108

5 Using Motion Sensor for Landslide Monitoring and Hazard

Mitigation ................................................................................................ 111

K.-L. Wang, Y.-M. Hsieh, C.-N. Liu, J.-R. Chen, C.-M. Wu, S.-Y. Lin,

H.-Y. Pan

5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 112

5.1.1 Location of Study Site ......................................................... 112

5.1.2 Geological Condition .......................................................... 113

5.2 Landslide Numerical Analysis ........................................................ 113

5.3 Tilt Measuring Station ..................................................................... 115

5.3.1 Power Source ...................................................................... 116

5.3.2 GPRS Module ..................................................................... 116

5.3.3 System Board ...................................................................... 116

5.3.4 Triaxial Accelerometer ........................................................ 117

5.4 Information System ......................................................................... 118

5.4.1 Tilt Measuring Station ......................................................... 119

5.4.2 Central Server and Backup Server ...................................... 120

5.4.3 Client Devices ..................................................................... 122

5.5 Landslide Management with Motion Sensor Monitoring

System ............................................................................................. 124

5.6 Conclusion Remarks ....................................................................... 125

References ................................................................................................ 126

6 Distributed Intelligent Monitoring System for Water

Environment ........................................................................................... 129

Yuhao Wang, Junle Zhou, Hongyang Lu, Xiaolei Wang, Henry Leung

6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 129

6.2 The Overall Design of the Water Quality Monitoring Terminal ..... 131

6.3 Sensors for Water Quality Detection............................................... 132

6.3.1 IP Camera and the GPS Module .......................................... 133

6.3.2 Sensors of 5 Conventional Parameters of the Water

Quality ................................................................................. 134

6.3.3 Planar Electrode Sensors for Water Detection .................... 137

6.4 Design of the Data Acquisition Board ............................................ 142

6.4.1 The Hardware Design of Data Acquisition

Board ................................................................................... 144

6.4.2 The Software Design of Data Acquisition

Board ................................................................................... 145

6.5 The Distributed Data Wireless Transmission .................................. 146

6.5.1 Mesh Network ...................................................... 148

X Contents

6.5.2 Constitution of NCU-Mesh Hardware System

and Software System ........................................................... 150

6.6 The Experiment Setup and the Performance Testing of the

Water Quality Monitoring Terminal ............................................... 152

6.6.1 The Testing of the Sensor and the Performance Analysis ... 152

6.6.2 The Performance Testing of Data Acquisition

Board ................................................................................... 153

6.6.3 The Testing Results of the NCU-Mesh ............................... 155

6.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 156

References ................................................................................................ 157

7 Application to Environmental Surveillance: Dynamic Image

Estimation Fusion and Optimal Remote Sensing with Fuzzy

Integral .................................................................................................... 159

Zhongliang Jing, Han Pan, Gang Xiao

7.1 Introduction to Image Fusion .......................................................... 159

7.1.1 Limitations of Single Sensor System .................................. 160

7.1.2 Advance of Image Fusion.................................................... 160

7.1.3 Related Works ..................................................................... 161

7.1.4 Dynamic Image Estimation Fusion and Optimal Remote

Sensing ................................................................................ 163

7.2 Dynamic Image Estimation Fusion with Kalman Filtered

Compressed Sensing ....................................................................... 164

7.2.1 Kalman Filtered Compressed Sensing................................. 164

7.2.1.1 Some Notations and Assumptions ........................ 164

7.2.1.2 Compressed Sensing ........................................... 164

7.2.1.3 Kalman Filtered Compressed Sensing (KFCS) .... 165

7.2.2 Dynamic Image Estimation Fusion ..................................... 166

7.2.2.1 Challenge of Dynamic Image Fusion ................... 166

7.2.2.2 Definitions and Assumptions ............................... 167

7.2.2.3 Spatial-Temporal Fusion ...................................... 167

7.2.3 Experiments and Evaluation ................................................ 169

7.2.3.1 The Experiment Settings ...................................... 169

7.2.3.2 Results on the First Image Sequences .................. 170

7.2.3.3 Results on the Second Image Sequences .............. 173

7.2.3.4 Results on the Third Image Sequences ................. 176

7.2.4 Discussion on the Fusion Results ........................................ 179

7.3 Optimal Remote Sensing Images Method Using Fuzzy Integral .... 180

7.3.1 An Overview on the Fusion Methods and Rules

for Remote Sensing ............................................................. 180

7.3.2 Optimal Image Fusion Method with Fuzzy Integral............ 180

Contents XI

7.3.2.1 Optimal IHS Image Fusion .................................. 180

7.3.2.2 Optimal Image Fusion with Fuzzy Integral .......... 183

7.3.3 Experiments and Evaluation ................................................ 184

7.3.3.1 The Experiment Setting ........................................ 184

7.3.3.2 The Experiment Results of First Image ................ 184

7.3.3.3 The Experiment Results of Second Image ........... 185

7.3.4 Discussion on the Fusion Results ........................................ 186

7.4 Conclusions and Future Research ................................................... 186

References ................................................................................................ 187

8 Precision Cultivation System for Greenhouse Production ................ 191

I-Chang Yang, Suming Chen

8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 192

8.2 Motivation ....................................................................................... 192

8.3 Sensing and System Development .................................................. 193

8.3.1 Remote Sensing and Monitoring ......................................... 194

8.3.1.1 Multi-spectral Imaging System ............................ 195

8.3.1.2 Environmental Factors Measurement System ...... 198

8.3.1.3 Web Image Monitoring System ........................... 199

8.3.2 Precision Irrigation Control ................................................. 200

8.3.3 Crop Production Traceabiity System................................... 201

8.4 System Integration and Applications .............................................. 204

8.4.1 Local Positioning System .................................................... 204

8.4.2 Precision Irrigation – An Example ...................................... 205

8.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 209

References ................................................................................................ 209

9 Environment Monitoring System Based on IEEE 1451 Standard .... 213

A. Kumar, G.P. Hancke

9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 213

9.2 Developed Environment Monitoring Systems ................................ 215

9.3 Wireless Standard Transducer Interface Module ............................ 216

9.3.1 Sensor Array ........................................................................ 216

9.3.2 MMC Interface Module ...................................................... 217

9.4 Wireless Communication Module ................................................... 218

9.5 WNCAP Module ............................................................................. 219

9.5.1 Interface between Zigbee Coordinator and NCAP PC ........ 220

9.6 Re-calibration of the System ........................................................... 221

XII Contents

9.7 Results and Discussion .................................................................... 221

9.8 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 223

References ................................................................................................ 224

10 Application of Wireless Sensor Networks Technology for Induction

Motor Monitoring in Industrial Environments ................................... 227

Ruan D. Gomes, Marcéu O. Adissi, Tássio A.B. da Silva,

Abel C. Lima Filho, Marco A. Spohn, Francisco A. Belo

10.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 227

10.2 Motor Monitoring............................................................................ 230

10.2.1 Efficiency of Motor Energy Conversion ............................. 230

10.2.2 Estimation Methods............................................................. 233

10.3 Wireless Sensor Networks .............................................................. 238

10.3.1 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks .................................. 239

10.3.2 Coexistence Issues in Unlicensed ISM Bands ..................... 240

10.3.3 IWSN Standards IEEE 802.15.4 ......................................... 241

10.3.4 Embedded Systems ............................................................. 247

10.3.5 WSN-Based Motor Monitoring Systems ............................. 249

10.4 A IWSN for Torque and Efficiency Monitoring of Induction

Motors ............................................................................................. 251

10.4.1 The Employed Estimation Method ...................................... 251

10.4.2 Embedded System ............................................................... 257

10.4.3 Experimental Results ........................................................... 259

10.4.4 Methodology of WSN Performance Evaluation .................. 263

10.4.4.1 Experiment Setup ................................................. 266

10.4.5 WSN Performance Evaluation ............................................ 266

10.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 270

References ................................................................................................ 271

11 Advanced Monitoring System on Debris Flow Hazards ..................... 279

Y.-M. Huang, Y.-M. Fang, T.-Y. Chou

11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 279

11.2 Debris Flow ..................................................................................... 282

11.2.1 The Causes .......................................................................... 282

11.2.2 Observation Work ............................................................... 282

11.3 Debris Flow Monitoring System ..................................................... 283

11.3.1 Sensors and Instruments ...................................................... 283

11.3.2 Data Acquisition and Communication System .................... 290

Contents XIII

11.3.3 Monitoring Stations ............................................................. 292

11.3.4 Debris Flow Warning .......................................................... 299

11.4 Case Study: Shenmu Area in Taiwan .............................................. 300

11.4.1 Environment and Monitoring System in Shenmu Area ....... 300

11.4.2 Debris Flow Hazard History in Shenmu ............................. 304

11.4.3 Debris Flow on Nov. 10, 2011 ............................................ 305

11.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 308

References ................................................................................................ 308

Author Index ................................................................................................. 311

About the Editors

Dr. Henry Leung is a professor of the Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering of the University of Calgary. Before joining U of C, he was with the

Department of National Defence (DND) of Canada as a defence scientist. His

main duty there was to conduct research and development of automated

surveillance systems, which can perform detection, tracking, identification and

data fusion automatically as a decision aid for military operators. His current

research interests include adaptive systems, computational intelligence, data

mining, information fusion, robotics, sensor networks, signal processing and

wireless communications. He has published extensively in the open literature on

these topics. He has published over 190 journal papers. Dr. Leung has been the

associate editor of various journals such as the International Journal on

Information Fusion, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, IEEE Trans. Circuits and

Systems, International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems. He was the chair of

the Nonlinear Circuits and Systems of the IEEE Circuit and System Society and

has served on the program committee, organizing committee, track chairs for

various conferences such as the SPIE Conference on Sensor Fusion, IEEE ISCAS

and FUSION. He has also served as guest editors for various journals such as

“Intelligent Transportation Systems” for the International Journal on Information

Fusion and “Cognitive Sensor Networks” for the IEEE Sensor Journal.