Intellectual Property Asset Management

Intellectual Property

Asset Management

How to identify, protect,

manage and exploit intellectual

property within the business

environment

David Bainbridge and Claire Howell

First published 2014

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2014 David Bainbridge and Claire Howell

The right of David Bainbridge and Claire Howell to be identified as authors of this

work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known

or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any

information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the

publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to

infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Intellectual property asset management : how to identify, protect, manage and

exploit intellectual property within the business environment / Claire Howell,

David Bainbridge.

pages cm

1. Intellectual property–Economic aspects–Great Britain. 2. Intellectual

capital–Great Britain–Management. I. Bainbridge, David I. II. Title.

KD1269.H69 2014

346.4104’8–dc23

2013026874

ISBN: 978-0-415-52791-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-52792-7 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-84989-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Joanna

by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear

Contents

Preface vii

Table of Cases ix

Table of Legislation UK and International Legislation xiii

1 Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights 1

What are intellectual property rights and what do they protect? 2

How are intellectual property rights classified? 3

The scope of intellectual property rights 3

Must intellectual property rights be registered? 4

I have created/invented a new ‘thingamajig’. Can it be protected by more than

one intellectual property right? 5

How long do intellectual property rights exist for? 5

How do I get protection in other countries? 6

How do I grant rights to others to use my intellectual property? 8

How can I sell my intellectual property rights or acquire someone else’s

intellectual property rights? 9

What are the pitfalls of disregarding intellectual property rights? 9

Summary 10

Management tips 11

Exercise 11

2 Business Goodwill and Reputation 12

Trade marks in context 12

What are the forms of trade mark protection? 21

Someone is using a trade mark the same or similar to mine – can I do

anything about it? 25

Defences 29

Remedies 31

How do I get protection outside the EU? 32

Passing off 33

Summary 36

Management tips 37

Exercise 37

3 Confidentiality 40

Confidentiality in context 40

What are the requirements for information to be regarded as confidential? 41

For how long does confidential information last? 43

Employees have access to my secret information – what should I do? 44

Sharing secrets with third parties and non-disclosure agreements 46

iv | Contents

Are there any circumstances where people may use my confidential

information? 48

What remedies are available to me if confidence is breached? 48

Can I get protection for my secrets outside the EU? 49

Summary 49

Management tips 49

Exercise 50

4 Patents 52

Patents in context 52

What are the requirements for protection? 55

Who owns or is entitled to the rights in a patent? 67

If an employee created the patent, to whom does it belong? 68

Someone else is using something that is the same or similar to my

patent – can I do anything about it? 68

Alternatives to obtaining a patent 74

Summary 75

Management tips 76

Exercise 76

5 Copyright and Rights in Performances 78

Copyright in context 78

What are the requirements for protection? 80

What does copyright protect? 83

Who owns or is entitled to copyright in a work? 89

An employee created the work – to whom does it belong? 90

I have engaged a consultant to create a work – who owns or is entitled to the

copyright? 91

How long does copyright last for? 92

Moral rights 92

You think there has been copying – what can be done about it? 95

There are some things you are allowed to do even though it looks like

infringement 102

Remedies 104

Crime in the workplace 106

How do I get protection outside the EU? 106

Rights in performances 106

Summary 109

Management tips 110

Exercise: copyright 110

Exercise: rights in performances 111

6 Databases 112

‘Sweat of the brow’ 112

Twin-track approach 113

Common provisions 113

Copyright 114

Database right 116

Summary 120

Contents | v

Management tips 121

Exercise 121

7 Design Rights 122

What are design rights? 122

What are the forms of design right protection? 122

The unregistered Community design 124

The registered Community design 130

The UK registered design 133

How do I maximise protection of designs? 138

How do I get protection outside the EU? 139

Summary 139

Management tips 140

Exercise 141

8 exploitation of Intellectual Property 143

What is an assignment? 143

What is a licence? 143

Why do I want to take or grant a licence? 143

What do you want to license? 144

How may the IP be used? 145

Other terms 146

Summary 146

Management tips 147

Exercise 147

9 strategy, Audit, Due Diligence and Valuation 148

Why does an organisation need an intellectual property strategy? 148

What type of strategy is right for your business? 150

What strategies are available? 152

To create an IP strategy 157

You need a vision of your strategic objectives 160

Keep revising the strategy 162

Audits 162

Due diligence 166

Valuation of IP 170

Summary of key points: strategy 176

Summary of key points: audit 176

Summary of key points: due diligence 177

Summary of key points: valuation 177

Management tips 178

Exercise 178

10 Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights 179

Summary of intellectual property rights and infringement 179

Summary of infringement of intellectual property rights 180

What can I do to strengthen my position in relation to my intellectual

property rights? 184

Management tips 191

Exercise 191

vi | Contents

11 Remedies 193

Summary of main remedies 194

Preliminary actions 195

Main remedies available for infringement of intellectual property rights 199

Criminal offences 204

Management tips 205

Exercise 205

Bibliography 207

Index 208

Preface

When the authors of this book were students, intellectual property (IP) law was rarely taught at

undergraduate level at law schools. Even at postgraduate level it was still a subject that was taught

only at selected universities. Since then, however, the importance of IP law has been recognised

and it is now found on the syllabus of most good law schools. However, in practice lawyers

usually only get involved in IP issues when there has been infringement or some dispute. Surpris￾ingly, IP rights (IPR) and how to protect innovation are generally not taught to engineers or sci￾entists, the actual innovators, the people who have the new ideas or who create the novel

products. Likewise, IP is generally not taught to the people who will manage the innovators, the

people who we expect to create value from the products or processes that are the result of the

creative process.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries land, labour and capital were the crucial factors in

wealth creation. This has changed: today it is IP. Intellectual or intangible assets are now recog￾nised by many organisations in today’s knowledge-intensive economies as their most important

resource. Without IPR many innovative organisations have nothing to sell or license. From the

largest, most powerful companies to the smallest small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) the

commercialisation of intellectual assets, copyright, patents, trade marks, designs and know-how

are essential to success. Producing IP is the fastest-growing field of economic activity. In this

digital age a company’s IP portfolio represents on average 60–70 per cent of its business value.

US companies now invest more than US$1.1 trillion per year in intangible assets. There is good

evidence that companies with large, well-managed IP portfolios are more profitable than those

that are IP passive.

IPR are intended to reward and encourage innovators and their effective use will promote

commercial success. How well a company captures and uses innovation is crucial to its business

success and so the aim of any innovative organisations should be to turn their intellectual assets

into value. In this time of global communication it is not the company with the best product but

the company with the best strategy that becomes the market leader. Whether an SME, start-up or

international organisation, all firms need an IP strategy in line with their business strategy. Man￾aging the IP strategy effectively allows an organisation to increase asset value, assess risk, reduce

liabilities, improve its competitive position and increase the return to shareholders. Using IP

effectively is the route to financial success.

Having taught intellectual property at Aston Business School for many years, the authors

decided that the time was right for a book of this kind. We hope that by using this book you will

not only find out about the various IP rights, but that you will also understand how they can be

used to best effect.

You will make better decisions if you are well informed.

We would like to thank Damian Mitchell from Routledge who demonstrated saintly patience

during the production of this book.

David Bainbridge, Emeritus Professor, Aston University

Claire Howell, Senior Lecturer, Aston University

Birmingham, June 2013

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A

Aerotel/Macrossan Patent Application [2006]

EWHC 705, CA ... 58

American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC

396 ... 196

Anneka Bain [2001] EIPR 162 ... 29

Apis-Hristovich EOOD v Lakorda AD [2009]

(Case C-545/07) ECR I-1627 ... 119

Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed [2003]

RPC 144, ECJ ... 26

Asprey & Garrard Ltd v WRA (Guns) Ltd [2002]

FSR 487 ... 30

Auchincloss v Agricultural & Veterinary Supplies

Ltd [1997] RPC 649 CA ... 72

B

Baigent v Random House Group Ltd [2007] FSR

24 ... 84

Ball v Eden Project Ltd [2002] FSR 43 ... 18

Bang & Olufsen A/S v OHIM (Case T-508/08)

... 17

Blair v Osborne & Tomkins [1971] 2 WLR 503

... 91

Bravado Merchandising Services Ltd v Mainstream

Publishing [1996] FSR 205 ... 26

Bristol Conservatories Ltd v Conservatories

Custom Built Ltd [1989] RPC 455 CA ... 35

British Horseracing Board Ltd v William Hill

Organisation Ltd [2001] RPC 31 ... 112

British Horseracing Board Ltd v William Hill

Organisation Ltd [2004] (Case C-203/02)

ECR I-10415 ... 117, 118

British Sugar plc v James Robertson & Sons Ltd

[1996] RPC 281 ... 20

C

Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers [2004]

UKHL 22 ... 47

Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Inc [1998] ECR I-5507 ... 19

Carflow Products (UK) Ltd v Linwood Securities

(Birmingham) Ltd [1996] FSR 424 ... 185

Catnic Components Ltd v Hill & Smith Ltd [1982]

RPC 183 ... 70

CBS Songs Ltd v Amstrad [1988] 1 AC 1013 ...

100

Celaya Empranza y Galdos Internacional SA v

Proyectos Integrales de Balizamiento SL (Case

C-488/10) 16 February 2012 ... 131

Churchill Retirement Living v Luard [2012]

EWHC 1479 (Ch) ... 44

Coco v Clark [1969] RPC 41 ... 41, 42

CODAS Trade Mark [2001] RPC 14 ... 20

Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Muller &

Co’s Margarine Ltd [1901] AC 217 ... 34

Confetti Records v Warner Music [2003] EWHC

1724 ... 94

Conor Medysystems Inc v Angiotech

Pharmaceuticals Inc [2008] 4 All ER 621;

[2008] RPC 28 HL ... 53, 65

Cramp (GA) & Sons Ltd v Frank Smythson Ltd

[1944] AC 329 ... 83

Crate & Barrel Euromarket Designs [2001] FSR

288 ... 25

D

D Green & Co (Stoke Newington) Ltd v

Regalzone Ltd [2002] ETMR 22 ... 23

David Murray v Big Pictures (UK) Ltd [2008]

EWCA Civ 446 ... 47

Designers Guild Ltd v Russell Williams (Textiles)

Ltd [2000] 1 WLR 2416 HL ... 97

Deutsche Krankerversicherung AG v OHIM

(COMPANYLINE) [2002] ECR I ... 24

Directmedia Publishing GmbH v Albert￾Ludwigs-Universitat Freinburg [2008] (Case

C-304/07) ECR I-7565 ... 118

Dramatico Entertainment Limited and others v

British Sky Broadcasting Limited and others

[2012] EWHC 1152 (Ch) ... 99

table of Cases

x | tABle of CAses

e

eBay Inc. v MercExchange LLC 547 (2006) US

388 ... 74, 199

Eli Lilly & Co v Human Genome Sciences Inc.

[2012] RPC 6 SC ... 60

EMI Records Ltd v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd

[2013] EWHC 379 (Ch) ... 200

Emma Delves-Broughton v House of Harlot

[2011] EWPCC 29 ... 94

Essex Trading Standards v Singh [2009] EWHC

520 ... 29

Eurolamb Trade Mark [1997] RPC 279 ... 16

Exxon v Exxon Insurance [1982] 1 Ch 19 ... 80, 82

f

Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [1986] 1 All ER

617 CA ... 44

Feist Publications Inc. v Rural Telephone Service

Co Inc (1991) 499 US 340 ... 112

Fraser v Thames Television [1983] 2 All ER 101

... 42

Fundación Española para la Innovación de la

Artesanía (FEIA) v Cul de Sac Espacio Creativo

SL [2009] (Case C-32/08) ECR I-5611 ... 128

G

General Motors Corp v Yplon SA [1999] ECR

I-5421 ... 21

George Hensher Ltd v Restawhile Upholstery Ltd

[1974] AC 64, HL ... 86

Granada Group Ltd v Ford Motor Company Ltd

[1973] RPC 49 ... 35

Griggs Group Ltd v Evans [2005] FSR 31 ... 91

H

Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR

683 ChD ... 57

Halliburton Energy Services Inc.’s Patent

Application [2011] EWHC 2508 ... 57

Hodgson v Isaac [2012] ECC 4 ... 98

Hoffman v Drug Abuse Resistance Education

(UK) [2012] EWPCC 2 ... 105

Human Genome Sciences Inc. v Eli Lilly & Co

[2011] UKSC 51, SC ... 57

Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland [2000] RPC

604, CA ... 103

I

IDA Ltd v University of Southampton [2006] RPC

21 ... 67, 77

Improver Corp v Raymond Industries Ltd [1991]

FSR 223 ... 71

Independiente Ltd v Music Trading Online [2007]

FSR 525 ... 98

Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades

Forening [2009] ECR 1–6569 ... 80

Intel Corp Inc v CPM UK Ltd [2009] RPC 15 EC

... 27

Interflora v Marks & Spencer plc [2012] (Case

C-323/09) FSR 3 ... 27

Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc. [1989] 1 AC

217 ... 82

Irvine v Talksport Ltd [2003] FSR 619 ChD ... 35

K

Koninklijke Philips Electronics v Remington

Consumer Products Ltd [2003] RPC 14 ECJ

... 17

l

Laboratoires Goemar SA’s Trade Mark (No.1)

[2002] FSR 51 (Mr Justice Jacobs) ... 23

LB (Plastics) v Swish Products Ltd [1979] RPC

551 ... 96

Lego Juris A/S v Office of Harmonization for the

Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)

(OHIM) [1020] ETMR 63 ... 16, 17

Leno Merken v Hagelkruis Beheer BV [2012]

(Case C-149/11) ... 24

Libertel Groep BV and Benelux-Merkenbureau

[2004] (C-104/01) FSR 4 ... 15

Lidl SNC v Vierzon Distribution SA [2011] ETMR

6 ... 28

Lion Laboratories v Evans [1985] QB 526 ... 48

L’Oréal (UK) Ltd v Johnson & Johnson [2000]

FSR 686 Ch D ... 31

LTJ Diffusion SA v Sadas Vertbaudet SA [2003]

ECR I-2799, ECJ ... 19

Lucasfielm v Ainsworth [2009] FSR 103 ... 85

Lux Traffic Controls v Pike Signals [1993] RPC

107 ChD ... 55

M

Marks & Spencer plc v One in a Million [1998]

FSR 265 CA ... 36

Mars UK Ltd v Teknowledge Ltd [2000] FSR 138

... 42, 47–8

Maxim’s Ltd v Dye [1977] 1 WLR 1155 ... 7

tABle of CAses | xi

Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v William Hill

Organisation Ltd [2003] RPC 31 CA ... 70

Michael Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2003] EWHC 786

(Ch) ... 47

n

Navitaire Inc v easyJet [2006] RPC 3 ... 102

Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Meltwater

Holding BV [2012] RPC 1 ... 82

Norowzian v Arks [2000] FSR 363 ... 87, 88

Norwich Pharmacal Co v Commissioners of

Customs and Excise [1974] AC 133 ... 198

Nova Productions Ltd v Mazooma Games Ltd

[2006] RPC 14 ... 102

Numatic International Ltd v Qualtex Ltd [2010]

RPC 25 ... 33

o

Oasis Stores Ltd Trademark Application [1998]

RPC 631 ... 21

Ocular Sciences v Aspect Vision Care [1997] RPC

289 ... 136

P

Pall Corp v Commercial Hydraulics [1990] FSR

329 ... 55

Parkes-Cramer Co v GW Thornton [1966] RPC

407 ... 56

Pepsico Inc. v Gruper Promer Mon Graphic SA

(Case C-281/10P ) 20 October 2011 ... 127

Perry v Truefitt [1842] 49 ER 749 ... 33

Pozzoli SpA v BDMO SA [2007] FSR 37 CA ... 56

Premier Brands UK Ltd v Typhoon Europe Ltd

[2000] FSR 767 ... 19

Printers and Finishers Ltd v Holloway [1965] RPC

239 ... 44

Procter & Gamble Co v OHIM [2002] RPC 17 ...

16

Procter & Gamble Co v Reckitt Benkiser (UK) Ltd

[2008] FSR 8 ... 126

R

R. v Boulter (Gary) [2009] ETMR 6 ... 29

Reckitt & Colman Ltd v Borden [1990] 1 All ER

873 ... 35

Reckitt & Colman Products Ltd v Borden Inc.

[1990] 1 All ER 873 ... 33

Reed Executive plc v Reed Business Information

Ltd [2004] RPC 40 ... 19

Rockwool Ltd v Kingspan Group plc [2011]

EWHC 250 (Ch) 02 ... 28

Rodi & Wienenberger AG v Henry Showell Ltd

[1969] RPC 367 HL ... 70

s

Salomon v Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 HL

... 18

Samsung Electronics (UK) Ltd v Apple Inc [2012]

EWCA Civ 1430 ... 193, 202

Schutz (UK) Ltd v Werit UK Ltd [2013] 2 All ER

177 ... 72

Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co

[1895] 1 Ch 287 ... 200

Shield Mark BV v Joost Kist [2004] RPC 315 ECJ

... 14

Sieckmann [2002] C-273/00 ECR I-11737 ... 15

Slater v Wimmer [2012] EWPCC 7 ... 90

Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de España

(SGAE) v Rafael Hoteles SA [2006] ECR

I-11519 ... 98

Stevenson, Jordan & Harrison v Macdonald and

Evans [1952] RPC 10 CA ... 90

Symbian Ltd v Comptroller-General of Patents

[2009] RPC 1 CA ... 58

t

Temple Island Collections Ltd v New English Teas

Ltd [2012] EWPCC ... 97

Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp v Harris [2013]

EWHC 159 (Ch) ... 200

U

United Wire Ltd v Screen Repair Services

(Scotland) Ltd [2001] RPC 439 HL ... 72

University of London Press Ltd v University

Tutorial Press Ltd [1916] 2 Ch 601 ... 80

W

Walter v Lane [1900] AC 539 ... 83

WEBSPHERE Trade Mark [2004] FSR 39 ... 19

White Hudson & Co Ltd v Asian Organisation Ltd

[1964] 1 WLR 1466 ... 189

Williams v Settle [1960] 1 WLR 1072 ... 202

Windsurfing Chiemsee [1999] ECR 1–2779 ... 16

Windsurfing International Inc v Tabur Marine Ltd

[1985] RPC 59 CA ... 55

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Companies Act 2006

s 69 ... 30

Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (CDPA) 1988

79, 114

Part III ... 135

s 4 ... 85

s 4(1)(c) ... 86

s 5A ... 87

s 5B ... 88

s 6 ... 88

s 8 ... 88

s 11 ... 89

s 16(2) ... 99, 100

s 17 ... 99

s 18 98

s 20(1)(b) ... 99

s 50A-C ... 104

ss 77–79 ... 93

ss 80–83 ... 94

s 84 ... 94

s 85 ... 94

s 96(2) ... 195

s 97(1) ... 186

s 97A ... 200

s 103 ... 195

s 107A ... 105

s 111 ... 198

s 116A ... 92

s 116B ... 92

s 178 ... 90

s 191L ... 195

s 194 ... 195

s 205N ... 195

s 213 ... 135

s 213(1) ... 136

s 213(2) ... 135

s 213(3) ... 135

s 215 ... 137

s 216 ... 137

s 226 ... 138

s 239 ... 195

Data Protection Act 1998 ... 40

Digital Economy Act 2010 ... 198

Human Rights Act 1998 ... 46

Patents Act 1977 ... 52

s 1(1) ... 57

s 2 ... 55

s 2(4) ... 186

s 2(4)(b) ... 59

s 2(4)(c) ... 59

s 3 ... 56

s 4 ... 57

s 39 ... 68, 77

s 60 ... 72

s 60(1)(a) ... 69

s 60(1)(b) ... 69

s 60(1)(c) ... 69

s 62(1) ... 186

s 70 ... 72

Registered Designs Act 1949 ... 125, 134

s 24A(2) ... 195

Statute of Anne 1709 ... 79

Trade Marks Act 1994 (TMA 1994) ... 189

s 1 ... 14

s 3 ... 21, 30

s 3(1)(b) ... 15

s 3(2) ... 16

s 3(3)–(6) ... 16, 17

s 4 ... 18

s 5 ... 18

s 5(1) ... 18

s 5(2) ... 18

s 5(3) ... 20

s 14(2) ... 194

ss 14–19 ... 31

s 18(2) ... 18

s 21 ... 31

s 889 ... 198

table of legislation UK and International

legislation

xiv | tABle of leGIslAtIon UK AnD InteRnAtIonAl leGIslAtIon

Trade Marks Registration Act 1875 ... 12

Statutory Instruments

Patents Regulation 2000 (SI 2000/2037) ...

58

International instruments

Directives

Directive 84/450 concerning misleading

advertisements as amended by Directive

97/55 (Misleading Advertisements

Directive) ... 28

Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988

to approximate the laws of the Member

States relating to trade marks (Trade Mark

Directive) ... 189

Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament

and of the Council of 11 March 2006 on

the legal protection of databases, OJ L 77,

27 March 1996 (Database Directive) ...

115

Art 1(2) ... 113

Directive 2000/31/EC of the European

Parliament and Council of 8 June 2000 on

certain legal aspects of information society

services, in particular electronic commerce,

in the Internal Market (OJ 2000 L 178

(E-Commerce Directive)

Art 15 ... 99

Directive 2001/29/EC of the European

Parliament and of the Council of 22 May

2001 on the harmonisation of certain

aspects of copyright and related rights

in the information society (Information

Society Directive)

Art 3(1) ... 99

Directive 2004/48/EC of the European

Parliament and of the Council of 29 April

2004 on the enforcement of intellectual

property rights (IPR Enforcement

Directive) ... 200

Art 3(2) ... 193

Art 15 ... 202

Regulations

Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12

December 2001 on Community designs

(Community Design Regulation)

Art 3(a) ... 124

Art 3(b) ... 124

Art 3(c) ... 124

Art 4(1) ... 125

Art 5 ... 125

Art 6 ... 126

Art 10 ... 129

Art 11 ... 127

Art 14 ... 128

Art 19 ... 129

Art 21 ... 129

Art 25 ... 133

Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003 of

22 July 2003 concerns customs action

against goods suspected of infringing

certain IPR and the measures to be taken

against goods found to have infringed such

rights (Customs Regulation) ... 198

Treaties and Conventions

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of

Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS

Agreement) 1993 ... 7, 79, 107

Berne Convention for the Protection of

Literary and Artistic Works 1886 ... 6, 106

European Patent Convention (EPC) 1973

(Convention on the Grant of European

Patents) of 5 October 1973 ... 52, 59

Art 52(3) ... 57

Art 52(4) ... 57

Art 54 ... 55

Art 56 ... 56

Art 57 ... 57

Arts 60–61 ... 68

European Patent Convention (EPC) 2000

(Convention on the Grant of European

Patents) of 29 November 2000 ... 7

Hague Agreement Concerning the

International Registration of Industrial

Designs 1925 ... 8, 139

Paris Convention for the Protection of

Industrial Property 1883 ... 7, 130, 139

Rome Convention for the Protection of

Performers, Producers of Phonograms and

Broadcasting Organisations 1961 ... 107

Treaty of Rome 1958 ... 25