Industrial data communications

Industrial Data

Communications

4th Edition

By Lawrence “Larry” M. Thompson

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Notice

The information presented in this publication is for the general education of the reader. Because neither the author nor

the publisher have any contrai over the use of the information by the reader, both the author and the publisher dis￾claim any and ali liability of any kind arising out of such use. The reader is expected to exercise sound professional

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endorses any referenced commercial product. Any trademarks or trade names referenced belong to the respective

owner of the mark or name. Neither the author nor the publisher makes any representation regarding the availability of

any referenced commercial product at any time. The manufacturer's instructions on use of any commercial product must

be followed at ali times, even if in conflict with the information in this publication.

Copyright © 2008 ISA- The lnstrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society

Ali rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

1098765432

ISBN 978-1-934394-24-3 Ebook ISBN 978-1-937560-59-1 PDF ISBN 978-1-937560-88-1

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec￾tronic, mecha nicai, photocopying, recording or otherwise, w ithout the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISA

67 Alexander Drive

P.O. Box 12277

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Thompson, Lawrence M.

Industrial data communications I By Lawrence "Larry" M. Thompson. --

4th ed.

p. cm.

ISBN-13: 978-1-934394-24-3 (pbk.)

1. Data transmission systems. I. Title.

TK5105.T46 1997

004.6--dc22

2007036855

ISA Resources for Measurement and Control Series (RMC)

• Control System Documentation: Applying Symbols and Identification, 2nd Edition

• Control System Safety Evaluation and Reliability, 2nd Edition

• Industrial Data Communications, 4th Edition

• Industrial Flow Measurement, 3rd Edition

• Industrial Level, Pressure, and Density Measurement, 2nd Edition

• Measurement and Control Basics, 4th Edition

• Programmable Controllers, 4th Edition

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This Book Is Dedicated To

The many practitioners of various disciplines who, through no fault of their own,

have arrived at the position of needing knowledge of industrial data

communications just to survive.

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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Chapter 1 Communication Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Serial and Parallel Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Data Organization: Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Data Organization: Communications Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Data Organization: Error Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Data Organization: Protocol Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Protocol Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 2 Communications Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

ISO OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

The Internet Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

The IEEE 802 Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Application Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 3 Serial Communication Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

EIA/TIA Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

TIA/EIA 232(F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

EIA 449: Interface Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

EIA 422 and 423. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

EIA/TIA 485(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

EIA/TIA 530. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Interface Signal Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

PC Serial Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Universal Serial Bus (USB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

IEEE-1394 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

SCSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

SATA (Serial ATA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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Chapter 4 Local Area Networks (LANs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

How We Got Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

LAN Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

802 and Industrial LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Wireless LANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

LAN Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

IEEE 802 Medium Access Control (MAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Industrial Token Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Logical Link Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

LAN Layer 3 and 4 Software: TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Chapter 5 Network Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Commercial Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Network Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Microsoft Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Protocols Used by Vendors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Microsoft’s NetBEUI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

CIFS: Common Internet File System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Netware’s IPX/SPX Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

TCP/ICP Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

An Application Object Model: OPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Chapter 6 Industrial Networks and Fieldbuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

The Many. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Industrial Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Distributed Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Selected Industrial Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

HART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

DeviceNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

ControlNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Ethernet/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

LonWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

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AS-i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

P-Net. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Profibus/ProfiNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Foundation Fieldbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Ethernet/TCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Industrial Networks and Fieldbuses Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Chapter 7 Wide Area Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Wireline Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Carrier Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Frequency Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Summary: Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Wireline Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Summary: Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

WAN Digital Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

The Answer: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Cable Modems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

WAN for the Mobile and Outer Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Summary: WAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Chapter 8 Internetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Layer 2: Internetworking Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Layer 3 Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Router Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Other Networking Devices/Protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Summary: Internetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Chapter 9 Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Defining the Types of Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

The Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

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Prologue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Appendix A Number Systems Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

The Decimal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

The Binary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

The Hexadecimal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Binary Pattern to Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Hexadecimal Number to a Binary Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Decimal to Hexadecimal, Hexadecimal to Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Table A-1. Popular Conversion Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Example A-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Appendix B Historical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Instrumentation Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Telecommunications Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Current Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Appendix C Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

UTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

EIA/TIA 568B Wiring for UTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Shielded Twisted Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Coaxial Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Fiber-Optic Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Fiber-Optic Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Losses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Wireless Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Media Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

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Preface to Fourth Edition

Rationale

In the fifteen or so years since the first edition of this book, nearly every aspect of data

communications has changed, and above all industrial applications. The original rationale

for this book was that many people are forced to learn data communications because the

processes aren’t as transparent and as “plug and play” as they should be. Though these

individuals never intended to become experts in data communications, they are nonetheless

now forced to learn some specific detailed facts just to accomplish their primary job func￾tions.

Unfortunately, fifteen years later, there is still a need to understand the technical jargon

and polemics of data communications. Though you will not find it difficult or even tedious

to acquire the necessary knowledge of data communications, the material must be organ￾ized in a way that helps you stay focused on the key points. This edition provides that

framework while also containing significant new material to encompass the changes in

technology and indeed in the direction and focus of industrial applications since the third

edition. Specifically, I have expanded coverage of the different fieldbuses, of industrial

Ethernet and wireless technologies, and of the security considerations that have become

ubiquitous in industrial use.

The need to upgrade the third edition became apparent much as it had with the second

edition: as soon as it was published. The field of data communication is quite dynamic.

Though the fundamentals have not changed (or changed very little) industrial applications

are changing at a quicker pace, and unfortunately, much quicker than the revision cycles of

the texts that hope to cover them. Though much of the previous three editions are still

quite valid, this edition required more than a minor revision, and considerable freshening

was needed to ensure that the materials are not dated.

Objectives

The objectives of the fourth edition are exactly the same as those of the previous ones: to

introduce the principles and applications of industrial data communications and bring you

to a level where you can communicate with other professionals on this topic. Because of

the changes in this field, particularly since the third version, this book assumes you are

familiar with Internet use and perhaps some data communications applications. It is written

in the same conversational style as its predecessors, with the hope that this informality

maximizes your understanding.

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Audience

The intended audience is the person with some general technical education who is some￾what literate with computers. Though knowledge of the electrical-electronic disciplines will

aid understanding, it is still not a prerequisite, as quick (and simplistic) explanations of the

concepts necessary for understanding are given in the appendices. However, as in previous

editions, a willingness to understand new concepts and a sense of historical perspective will

help. As always when reading this text, patience as well as a sense of humor will be found

high on the list of requirements.

Topics

As in all previous versions, the text ranges from simple basics to the complex applications.

A familiarity with basic number systems along with hexadecimal representation is required;

though, here again, these are explained to the necessary level of complexity in the appen￾dices. As in the third edition, this edition’s appendices also cover modulation and

analog/digital conversion fundamentals. For more detail on these subjects, many, many, ref￾erence books, study materials, and computer-assisted training courses are available. This

book is not a design or engineering document but a primer designed to bring your knowl￾edge quickly up to the current practice. It is not assumed that you already know, or are

even familiar with, the subject of this text, so we discuss concepts and applications only in

the detail needed to grasp general concepts and/or applications.

Larry Thompson

Owner/General Manager

ESdatCo

707 Coleman St.

Marlin, TX 76661

[email protected]

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Acknowledgments

Whenever a book of this nature and length is created, there are many persons who

contribute greatly besides the author. I cannot name them all; however, here are a few of

the persons responsible for this book being as successful as it is today:

Susan Colwell, ISA Manager of Publications Development, who managed to take my

mangled text and graphics and place them in a coherent order;

Tim Shaw, Technical Reviewer, who contributed greatly to the technical accuracy of this

volume and whose comments and guidance were greatly appreciated;

To the many users of this book who have contributed ideas, wishes, and technical com￾ments, and to whom this book was originally, and still is, dedicated;

And lastly, to my wife, Gavina, who gave up her time with me that this book could be

developed, corrected, and finally brought to fruition.

Larry Thompson

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