INDIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH, prepared by nguyenhuuquoc

INDIRECT SPEECH

I. DIRECT SPEECH:

1. Statement: ( Câu thông báo, gồm câu khẳng định và câu phủ định)

a. Affirmative: Jason said, " Tom has worked here since last year."

b. Negative : I don't like that house", she said.

2. Questions:

a. Yes- No question: Are you tired?", Tom asked me./ Do you work here?", Tom asked.

b. Wh/ How- questions: " When did you go to bed last night?", the policeman asked him.

" How long have you been there?", Jason asked.

3. Command and request: Go away!", she told us. — " Open the door, please", she requested.

4. Exclamation: How intelligent he is!", she said. — " What a lovely garden!"

II. INDIRECT SPEECH:

1.1. Indirect speech thường dùng để kể lại, thuật lại lời nói của ng ười khác

1.2. Reporting verbs:

E.g. a. " Where did you go last night?", Mary asked John.

Mary asked John where he had gone the night before.

( Khi reporting verb(s) ở present / future thì chúng ta thay đổi ừ liên quan đến người; khi reporting

verb(s) ở quá khứ, chúng ta phải thay đổi tenses, persons, adverbs và đôi khi cả động từ)

Reporting Verbs

Present or future Past

Changing Changing

Persons Tenses Person(s) Adverb(s) Verbs

b. - I shall come back to this restaurant .", he said.

E.g. He has said that he will come back to that restaurant.

He said that he would come back to that restaurant.

1.3. Changing persons:

I → he/ she; me/you → him/her; my → his/ her

We → they ; us → them; our → their

Mine → his/hers ; our → theirs ; myself → himself/herself.

1.4. Changing tenses:

* General rule : “ We have to go one tense back if reporting verb is at a past tense”.

1. Present → Past ; 2. Past → Past perfect ; 3. Future → Future in the Past

* Present perfect → Past perfect * Future perfect → Modal perfect (would have V3/Ved)

* can → could/ may → might / have to, has to → had to/

* must → had to or must ( deduction or possibility):

→ He said that George must be a fool to behave like that.

* mustn’t (prohibition) → mustn’t / couldn’t :

→ The guard said we mustn’t / couldn’t cross the border.

* needn’t → didn’t have to, needn’t.

→ The boss said that I needn’t/ didn’t have to come in the next day.

* shall (future) → would : “ I shall tell him exactly what I think,” she said

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