Improvement of the Indoor Air Quality in Housings of Ho Chi Minh City ( Vietnam ) by Adapting the Ventilation System to Minimize the Pollutants Concentrations :PhD thesis in Environmental Sciences and Management

University of Liège

Faculty of Sciences

Department of Environmental Sciences and Management

Spheres Research Unit

Energy and Sustainable Development (EnergySuD) Research Team

Improvement of the Indoor Air Quality

in Housings of Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)

by Adapting the Ventilation System

to Minimize the Pollutant Concentrations

Dissertation submitted by THUY Tran Thi Thu, M. Eng.,

in completion of the requirements to obtain the degree of Doctor in Sciences

Academic year 2018-2019

ii | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

This document presents the original results of a PhD thesis research led by:

THUY Tran Thi Thu

Master of Engineeering, Lecturer at the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City

IESEM (Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering & Management)

Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)

12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

[email protected]

under the supervision of:

Prof. Jean-Marie HAUGLUSTAINE

Civil engineer in architecture, PhD, Professor at the University of Liege

Director of EnergySuD Research Team

Avenue de Longwy 185. B-6700 Arlon, Belgium

[email protected]

submitted to the Jury:

Dr. Celia JOAQUIM-JUSTO, ULiège (BE), chairman;

Prof. Dr A.-Cl. ROMAIN, ULiège (BE), secretary;

Prof. Dr. J.-M. HAUGLUSTAINE, ULiège (BE), promotor;

Prof. Dr TAN Le Van, Vice-Rector, IUH (VN);

Prof. Dr C. BOULAND, Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE);

Assoc. Prof. Dr LE HUNG ANH, IUH (VN);

Dr. S. CAILLOU, Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI, BE)

To cite this document: THUY T. T. T. (2018), Improvement of the Indoor Air Quality in Housings of Ho

Chi Minh City (Vietnam) by Adapting the Ventilation System to Minimize the Pollutants Concentrations,

PhD thesis, EnergySuD, University of Liege, Belgium

iii | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

ABSTRACT

We spend about 90% of our time inside buildings, where the quality of the environment for

health, thermal comfort, security and productivity could be controlled. The quality of the indoor

environment is affected by many factors including design of the building, ventilation, thermal

insulation, energy provision and use. It is evident from preliminary studies that Indoor Air Quality

(IAQ) in Vietnam housing is under-researched and there is a clear lack of awareness among

housing occupants of the harmful effects of chemicals that exist inside housings. Houses in warm￾humid regions depend on large openings and through ventilation for thermal comfort. Openings

allow air pollution and noise to penetrate these houses easily, thereby affecting the health, comfort

and well-being of residents. Closing all openings and changing from natural ventilation to air

conditioning is not however a practical solution for low cost housing.

As a result, the study was set out to review the previous related research studies in the field

of IAQ to identify the current status of IAQ in Ho Chi Minh City, and to find solutions to

implement IAQ best practice in three sample houses as a pilot for achieving good IAQ.

Through this study, we found evidences that residents of rental houses were exposed to

slightly high levels of CO2 during the night-time or at anytime when the occupants closed the door

for sleeping or for personal activities. The indoor CO concentrations were over 20 ppm in rush

hours in some houses which located nearby streets and opened the entrance doors for trading

activities. We found that housing residents might be disproportionately exposed to high levels of

PM2.5 and TVOC due to the presence of many indoor sources. Poor thermal comfort was also found

to be a prevalent issue in most of sample houses, however there were not enough data on

comparable indoor and outdoor to make any definitive statement about relative prevalence. Indoor

air quality is influenced by location of the house, opening design, and opening behavior. Air quality

in residential buildings, especially in the living-rooms, was generally poorer with the houses

having no outlets to outside and no exhaust fans; and this was true for both houses near or far from

a road.

Lastly, the study indicated that there were feasible and practical solutions to the reduction of

indoor air pollution in such housings by changing opening design, changing opening habits and

applying local ventilation. The renovations were found high efficiency to reduce indoor CO and

TVOC in hot and humid condition. Based on low cost development, this application can be applied

with natural ventilation system in housings in big cities of Vietnam.

iv | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study would never have been completed without the help, guidance, and assistance of

many people to whom I am in great debt.

I am deeply in debt to my first supervisor Professor Jean-Marie HAUGLUSTAINE for his

patient guidance and encouragement. My sincere gratitude goes to Professor Catherine BOULAND,

Professor Anne-Claude ROMAIN and Assoc. Prof. LE VAN TAN, for their guidance and advice

particularly dealing with general IAQ sections. Without their advice and constructive ideas, this

project would not have been successfully accomplished.

I would like to thank research colleagues: NGUYEN THI KIEU DIEM and TRAN NGOC THANH

who cooperated all of helpfulness in research process, laboratory instrument and meeting

appointment. Without they precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research.

All the research steps would also never have been finished without financial support from

the Belgium Government under the PIC project 2012–2017 and administered by the ARES. I

would like to thank Professor Olivier MICHEL from the Université Libre de Bruxelles for his vision

and support for this study. Involvement of the research staff at Industrial University of Ho Chi

Minh City, and particularly Assoc. Prof. Dr LE HUNG ANH, Director of the IESEM (Institute of

Environmental Science, Engineering & Management), for conducting the measurements and

survey has been greatly appreciated. We thank the occupants of the 100 dwellings who participated

in this study.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge my parents who were an inspiration for me. They gave

me emotional support during the tough periods of writing this thesis. I would also like to appreciate

my husband and my kids, who stood with me in the bad days, for their love and support. As a

matter of fact, the PhD is for them.

And to those who I haven’t mentioned, you know yourselves, a big THANK YOU.

TRAN THI THU THUY.

v | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................iv

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ............................................................................................................ix

List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xii

Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xix

Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................1

1.1 Background to Research.............................................................................................2

1.2 The Research Problem and Questions........................................................................4

1.3 Research Objectives ...................................................................................................4

1.4 Outline of the Research Process.................................................................................5

1.5 Contributions of the Research ....................................................................................6

1.6 Limitations of the Research........................................................................................7

1.7 Structure of the Thesis................................................................................................8

Chapter 2. Literature Review .......................................................................................9

2.1 What is Indoor Air Quality in Homes?.......................................................................10

2.2 Indoor Air Quality Parameters and Regulatory Limits ..............................................13

2.3 Impact of Housing Characteristics on IAQ ................................................................29

2.4 Impact of Traffic on IAQ ...........................................................................................32

2.5 Control Strategies of IAQ in Homes..........................................................................35

Chapter 3. Indoor Air Quality of Residential Housing in HCMC.............................38

3.1 Typical Housing Prototypes in HCMC ......................................................................39

3.1.1 Apartment ................................................................................................................41

3.1.2 Rental House ...........................................................................................................43

3.1.3 Rural Houses...........................................................................................................44

vi | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

3.1.4 Slum Houses ............................................................................................................46

3.1.5 Tube House..............................................................................................................47

3.2 The Sampling Process ................................................................................................50

3.2.1 Measurement Design...............................................................................................50

3.2.2 Measurements of Indoor Air Quality.......................................................................54

3.2.3 Household Surveys and Diaries ..............................................................................56

3.3 The Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Results of Investigated Houses.........................60

3.3.1 Remarks on Investigated Houses.............................................................................60

3.3.2 Review of Measured Parameters.............................................................................66

3.3.3 Comparison IAQ of Residential Housing in HCMC with Published Data .............94

Chapter 4. Determination of the Risk of Indoor Air Pollution ..................................103

4.1 The Influence of Roads on IAQ .................................................................................104

4.2 The Influence of Opening Ventilation on IAQ...........................................................107

4.3 The RIAP Model ........................................................................................................109

Chapter 5. Improvement of Indoor Air Quality for

a Pilot of Three Sample Houses.....................................................................................125

5.1 Methods......................................................................................................................126

5.1.1 Choosing Sample Houses........................................................................................126

5.1.2 Improvement Solutions............................................................................................127

5.1.3 Measurement Modes................................................................................................127

5.1.4 Data Analysis...........................................................................................................130

5.2 House 1: Renovation of a Tube House in the City Centre on a Main Road...............130

5.2.1 Background..............................................................................................................130

5.2.2 Comfort Parameters and Pollutants Concentrations before the Renovation..........133

5.2.3 Renovation Activities...............................................................................................143

5.2.4 Comfort Parameters and Pollutant Concentrations after the Renovation..............146

5.2.5 Assessment the Effectiveness of Renovation in Improving IAQ of House 1 ............158

vii | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

5.3 House 2: Renovation of a Rental House in the Sub-urban Area ................................162

5.3.1 Background..............................................................................................................162

5.3.2 Comfort Parameters and Pollutant Concentrations Before the Renovation...........164

5.3.3 Renovation Activities...............................................................................................171

5.3.4 Comfort Parameters and Pollutant Concentrations After the Renovation .............174

5.3.5 Assessment the Effectiveness of Renovation in Improving IAQ of House 2 ............183

5.4 House 3: Renovation of an Old Apartment in the City Centre...................................187

5.4.1 Background..............................................................................................................187

5.4.2 Comfort Parameters and Pollutant Concentrations Before the Renovation...........190

5.4.3 Renovation Activities...............................................................................................198

5.4.4 Comfort Parameters and Pollutant Concentrations After the Renovation .............200

5.4.5 Assessment the Effectiveness of Renovation in Improving IAQ of House 3 ............211

Chapter 6. Discussion and Conclusion .........................................................................216

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................223

Appendixes ...............................................................................................................................243

Appendix I: Questionnaire Form ..................................................................................... 243

Appendix II: Questionnaire Form in Fact ........................................................................ 248

Appendix III: Occupant Diary Form ............................................................................... 252

Appendix IV: Informed Consent (for 95 houses of phase 1) .......................................... 253

Appendix V: Informed Consent (for 3 renovated houses of phase 3) ............................. 254

Appendix VI: Researcher’s Photos during the Visits of Houses on site in 2014 – 2015 255

Appendix VII: List of 20 houses in “high” RIAP-D values for the day-time and

38 houses in “high” RIAP-N values for the night-time according to the

stratification scheme 1 and scheme 2 .................................................................... 260

Appendix VIII: Images of House 1 during the Renovation ............................................ 269

Appendix IX: Measuring Results of House 1 before and after the Renovation .............. 270

Appendix X: Images of House 2 during the Renovation ................................................ 275

viii | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Appendix XI: Measuring Results of House 2 before and after the Renovation............... 278

Appendix XII: Images of House 3 during the Renovation .............................................. 282

Appendix XIII: Measuring Results of House 3 before and after the Renovation ........... 284

ix | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

List of Tables

Table 2- 1: Major indoor air quality contaminant and sources (after OSHA, 1999) ................13

Table 2- 2: International organizations involved in setting indoor air quality guidelines

and standards .............................................................................................................................14

Table 2- 3: Guidelines and standards for indoor temperature of air .........................................16

Table 2- 4: Guidelines and standards for indoor relative humidity ..........................................16

Table 2- 5: Guidelines and standards for indoor Carbon Dioxide.............................................18

Table 2- 6: Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels and related health effects ............................20

Table 2- 7: Guidelines and standards for indoor Carbon Monoxide .........................................21

Table 2- 8: Guidelines and standards for Nitrogen Dioxide ......................................................22

Table 2- 9: Guidelines and standards for indoor Sulfur Dioxide...............................................23

Table 2- 10: Guidelines and standards for indoor Total Volatile Organic Compounds............25

Table 2- 11: Guidelines and standards and for Formaldehyde .................................................26

Table 2- 12: Guidelines and standards for Particulate Matters less than 2.5 micrometers

in size .......................................................................................................................................28

Table 2- 13: Guidelines and standards for Particulate Matters

less than 10 micrometers in size ..............................................................................................28

Table 3- 1: Classification characteristics by housing types ......................................................40

Table 3- 2: The district collecting samples ...............................................................................50

Table 3- 3: Details of participant housings, including housing type, district,

and nearest busy road classification ..........................................................................................51

Table 3- 4: Measurements in EVM-7 monitor ..........................................................................55

Table 3- 5: Description information collected in the questionnaire .........................................58

Table 3- 6: Summary of the studied houses’ characteristics (n=95) .........................................60

Table 3- 7: Summary of the household’ characteristics according to housing types ................61

Table 3- 8: Statistics of indoor temperature by housing types ..................................................66

Table 3- 9: Descriptive statistics of indoor temperature over the monitoring period ...............68

Table 3- 10: Statistics of indoor relative humidity according to housing types .......................70

x | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Table 3- 11: Descriptive statistics of indoor relative humidity over the monitoring period .....71

Table 3- 12: Descriptive statistics of CO2 concentration by housing types ..............................73

Table 3- 13: Descriptive statistics of CO2 concentrations over the monitoring period ............75

Table 3- 14: Descriptive statistics of CO concentration by housing types ...............................77

Table 3- 15: Descriptive statistics of CO concentration over the monitoring period ...............79

Table 3- 16: Descriptive statistics of PM2.5 concentration by housing types ...........................80

Table 3- 17: Descriptive statistics of PM2.5 concentration over the monitoring period ............82

Table 3- 18: Descriptive statistics of TVOC concentration by housing types ..........................87

Table 3- 19: Descriptive statistics of TVOC concentration ......................................................89

Table 3- 20: Comparison of the indoor PM2.5 levels in this study and previous studies ..........97

Table 3- 21: Comparison of the indoor TVOC levels in this study and previous studies ........100

Table 4- 1: Indoor Near–Road and Far–Road measurement data

for the Wilcoxon rank sum test .................................................................................................106

Table 4- 2: Indoor No–Outlets and Have–Outlets measurement data

for the Wilcoxon rank sum test .................................................................................................108

Table 4- 3: Variables entered into the scheme ..........................................................................111

Table 4- 4: Variable values that input of the scheme 1 for the day-time .................................113

Table 4- 5: RIAP-D values that output of the scheme 1 for the day-time ..............................114

Table 4- 6: Variable values that input of the scheme 2 for the night-time ...............................115

Table 4- 7: RIAP-N values that output of the scheme 2 for the night-time ............................116

Table 4- 8: Difference in levels of indoor air pollutants for the day-time ................................122

Table 4- 9: Difference in levels of indoor air pollutants during the night-time ........................122

Table 5- 1: Dates (D/M/Y) of data collection for each house included in the study ................128

Table 5- 2: Basic information about House 1 before renovation ..............................................131

Table 5- 3: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics

by the measurement setting BF1 of House 1 ............................................................................135

Table 5- 4: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting BF2 of House 1 .................................................................................140

xi | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Table 5- 5: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting SAF1 of House 1 ...............................................................................148

Table 5- 6: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting SAF2 of House 1 ...............................................................................152

Table 5- 7: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting LAF of House 1 .................................................................................156

Table 5- 8: Basic information about House 2 before renovation ..............................................163

Table 5- 9: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting BF1 of House 2 .................................................................................165

Table 5- 10: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting BF2 of House 2 .................................................................................169

Table 5- 11: IAQ parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting SAF1 of House 2 ...............................................................................175

Table 5- 12: IAQ parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting SAF2 of House 2 ...............................................................................178

Table 5- 13: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting LAF of House 2 .................................................................................181

Table 5- 14: Basic information about House 3 before renovation ............................................187

Table 5- 15: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting BF1 of House 3 .................................................................................191

Table 5- 16: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting BF2 of House 3 .................................................................................195

Table 5- 17: IAQ parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting SAF1 of House 3 ...............................................................................202

Table 5- 18: IAQ parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting SAF2 of House 3 ...............................................................................205

Table 5- 19: Indoor air quality parameters: descriptive statistics by

the measurement setting LAF of House 3 .................................................................................209

xii | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

List of Figures

Figure 1- 1: Daily time allocation .............................................................................................3

Figure 1- 2: An outlined diagram of four stages of the research ..............................................5

Figure 2- 1: Relationship between CO (ppm) and COHb levels in blood ................................19

Figure 2- 2: Predictors of elevated indoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentration over a 3-day period

....................................................................................................................................................27

Figure 2- 3: Horizontal concentration profile of submicrometre particulate

with wind direction parallel to the road ....................................................................................33

Figure 2- 4: Averaged CO and NOx concentrations with standard deviations in summer and

winter. Distance 0 m refers to the middle of the road, ± 15 m to the roadsides,

and also the traffic lanes are indicated ......................................................................................34

Figure 3- 1: High density housing in Ho Chi Minh City ..........................................................39

Figure 3- 2: Typology of apartment in HCMC .........................................................................41

Figure 3- 3: Images made by Thuy during the site visits of apartments in 2014 – 2015 ..........42

Figure 3- 4: Typology of rental house in HCMC .....................................................................43

Figure 3- 5: Images made by Thuy during the site visits of rental houses in 2014-2015 .........44

Figure 3- 6: Typology of rural house in HCMC .......................................................................45

Figure 3- 7: Images made by Thuy during the site visits of rural houses in 2014 – 2015 ........45

Figure 3- 8: Typology of slum house in HCMC .......................................................................46

Figure 3- 9: Images made by Thuy during the site visits of slum houses in 2014 – 2015 ........47

Figure 3- 10: Typology of tube house in HCMC ......................................................................48

Figure 3- 11: Images made by Thuy during the site visits of tube houses in 2014 – 2015 ......48

Figure 3- 12: Map of urban districts in Ho Chi Minh City .......................................................50

Figure 3- 13: An outlined diagram of four visits for each house ..............................................53

Figure 3- 14: The Testo RH and Temperature data logger .......................................................55

Figure 3- 15: The indoor air quality monitoring device - the 3MT EVM series environmental

monitor model EVM-7 ..............................................................................................................56

Figure 3- 16: A plan of a sample house ....................................................................................58

xiii | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Figure 3- 17: Investigation in fact was carried out by questionnaire surveying in residents ....59

Figure 3- 18: A daily diary in fact ............................................................................................59

Figure 3- 19: Type of cooking fuel used in HCMC ..................................................................62

Figure 3- 20: Places of worship where people can burn incense for religious purposes ..........63

Figure 3- 21: Motorbikes were attached in the living rooms of the sample houses in HCMC 64

Figure 3- 22: The average temperature in the studied houses ..................................................67

Figure 3- 23: Changing pattern of temperature as quantiles according to time of day .............68

Figure 3- 24: Variations of indoor temperature of the house ren5 ...........................................69

Figure 3- 25: An overview of some characteristics relating to variation of

indoor temperature of the house ren5 .......................................................................................69

Figure 3- 26: The average relative humidity in the studied houses ..........................................70

Figure 3- 27: Changing pattern of relative humidity as quantiles according to time of day ....71

Figure 3- 28: Variations of indoor relative humidity of the house ren5 ...................................72

Figure 3- 29: An overview of some characteristics relating to variation of indoor

relative humidity of the house ren5 ..........................................................................................72

Figure 3- 30: The average concentrations of CO2 in the studied houses ..................................74

Figure 3- 31: Variations of CO2 concentration in the house ren7 .............................................75

Figure 3- 32: Changing pattern of indoor CO2 concentration as quantiles

according to time of day ...........................................................................................................76

Figure 3- 33: The average concentrations of CO in the studied houses ...................................77

Figure 3- 34: Variations of CO concentration in the house tub5 ..............................................78

Figure 3- 35: Changing pattern of indoor CO concentration as quantiles

according to time of day ...........................................................................................................79

Figure 3- 36: The average concentrations of PM2.5 in the studied houses ................................81

Figure 3- 37: Changing pattern of indoor PM2.5 concentration as quantiles

according to time of day ...........................................................................................................82

Figure 3- 38: Variations of PM2.5 concentration in the house ren3 ..........................................83

Figure 3- 39: Variations of PM2.5 concentration in the house rur16 .........................................84

xiv | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Figure 3- 40: Variations of PM2.5 concentration in the house apa2 (in October of 2014) ........84

Figure 3- 41: Variations of PM2.5 concentration in the house slu18 .........................................85

Figure 3- 42: An overview of some characteristics relating to

high level of PM2.5 in the house slu18 ......................................................................................85

Figure 3- 43: The average concentrations of TVOC in the studied houses ..............................88

Figure 3- 44: Changing pattern of indoor TVOC concentration as quantiles

according to time of day ...........................................................................................................89

Figure 3- 45: Variations of TVOC concentration in the house ren19 .......................................90

Figure 3- 46: Variations of TVOC concentration in the house slu11 .......................................91

Figure 3- 47: An overview of some characteristics relating to

high level of TVOC in the house slu11 ....................................................................................91

Figure 3- 48: Variations of TVOC concentration in the house apa8 ........................................92

Figure 3- 49: Variations of TVOC concentration in the house tub15 .......................................93

Figure 3- 50: An overview of some characteristics relating to

variation of TVOC in the house tub15 ..................................................................................93

Figure 3- 51: Ho Chi Minh City is a city of motorbikes ...........................................................94

Figure 3- 52: Emissions from various road transport means in Vietnam .................................95

Figure 4- 1: Normal Q-Q Plot of the medians of Indoor Air Pollutants ...................................105

Figure 4- 2: Scheme 1 of RIAP-D according to the categories of homes with distinct levels

of risk of insufficient ventilation (for the day-time) .................................................................112

Figure 4- 3: Scheme 2 of RIAP-N according to the categories of homes

with distinct levels of risk of insufficient ventilation (for the night-time) ...............................112

Figure 4- 4: Some sample houses with the entrance doors can be considered as opening

during the night-time .................................................................................................................116

Figure 4- 5: An overview of some characteristics of the house slu11 ......................................117

Figure 4- 6: RIAP value of the house slu11 ..............................................................................117

Figure 4- 7: Variations of indoor air pollutants’ concentration of the house slu11 ..................118

Figure 4- 8: An overview of some characteristics of the house ren20 ......................................119

Figure 4- 9: RIAP value of the house ren20 .............................................................................119

xv | P a g e Tran Thi Thu THUY – PhD Thesis, ULiège – FSc – DESGE – UR Spheres – EnergySuD

Figure 4- 10: Variations of indoor air pollutants’ concentration of the house ren20 ...............120

Figure 5- 1: The locations of three sampled houses .................................................................126

Figure 5- 2: The surveys collect information ............................................................................129

Figure 5- 3: Plan of House 1 ..................................................................................................... 131

Figure 5- 4: The overview of House 1 before the renovation ................................................... 132

Figure 5- 5: RIAP value of House 1 before the renovation ...................................................... 133

Figure 5- 6: Temperature as quantiles of House 1 of the measurement setting BF1 ................ 134

Figure 5- 7: Relative humidity as quantiles of House 1 for the measurement setting BF1 ...... 135

Figure 5- 8: Indoor pollutants’ concentration as quantiles of House 1

for the measurement setting BF1 .............................................................................................. 136

Figure 5- 9: Temperature as quantiles of House 1 of the measurement setting BF2 ................ 139

Figure 5- 10: Relative humidity as quantiles of House 1 for the measurement setting BF2 .... 139

Figure 5- 11: Indoor pollutants’ concentration as quantiles of House 1 for the measurement

setting BF2 ................................................................................................................................ 140

Figure 5- 12: Some pictures taken in practice renovation of House 1 ...................................... 144

Figure 5- 13: After the first step renovation SAF1, the RIAP values of House 1 were:

(a) high RIAP-D value for the day-time, and (b) low RIAP-N value for the night-time .......... 145

Figure 5- 14: After the second step renovation SAF2, House 1 was constructed led to

low RIAP value for both the day-time and night-time ............................................................. 145

Figure 5- 15: Temperature as quantiles of House 1 of the measurement setting SAF1 ........... 147

Figure 5- 16: Relative humidity as quantiles of House 1 for the measurement setting SAF1 .. 147

Figure 5- 17: Differences (SAF1 minus BF2) of pollutant concentration

as quantiles of House 1 .......................................................................................................... 149

Figure 5- 18: Temperature as quantiles of House 1 of the measurement setting SAF2 ........... 151

Figure 5- 19: Relative humidity as quantiles of House 1 for the measurement setting SAF2 .. 152

Figure 5- 20: Differences (SAF2 minus BF2) of pollutant concentration

as quantiles of House 1 ............................................................................................................. 153

Figure 5- 21: Temperature as quantiles of House 1 of the measurement setting LAF ............. 155