Impact Of Golf Courses On Water Quality Of Bui River In Headwater Catchment

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and above all, I feel great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude,

obligation and heartiest respect to Dr. Bui Xuan Dung for his kind support, meticulous

guidance and heart touching inspiration throughout this thesis work.

I gratefully acknowledge the blessings and valuable suggestions from teacher in the

laboratory of Faculty of Biology in University of Science, would especially like to thanks to

the help provided for by laboratory work at Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Institute of Chemistry.

I am thankful to Ms.Nhan, Mr. Tuc to provide the information of Phoenix Golf

Course.

Last but not least, I take this opportunity to express my thanks and gratitude to my

parents and my friends for their never ending affection and encouragement.

CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................1

CONTENT .................................................................................................................................2

LIST OF TABLE........................................................................................................................4

LIST OF PICTURE....................................................................................................................5

LIST OF FIGURE ......................................................................................................................6

ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................1

I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................2

1.1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................2

1.2. Literature review..................................................................................................................4

II. OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................9

2.1. Goal .....................................................................................................................................9

2.2. Objectives............................................................................................................................9

III. STUDY SITE AND METHODOLOGY............................................................................10

3.1. Study site ...........................................................................................................................10

3.2. Methodology......................................................................................................................16

3.2.1. Experiment design ..........................................................................................................16

3.2.2. Laboratory sample processing........................................................................................22

3.2.3. Data analysis...................................................................................................................23

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .........................................................................................27

4.1. Impact of Phoenix Golf Course on invertebrate composition and diversity .....................27

4.2. Physical and chemical parameters.....................................................................................39

4.2.1. Evaluating water quality in Bui River based on Vietnam’s water quality standard.......39

4.2.2. Evaluating water quality in Bui River based on Water Quality Index (WQI) ...............48

4.3. Suggestion for Golf Course management..........................................................................50

V. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................52

VI. REFFERENCES...................................................................................................................1

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1. Climate - Hydrology indicators at Lam Son commune Luong Son district, Hoa

Binh province ...........................................................................................................................11

Table 3.2. Parts of the Phoenix golf course..............................................................................13

Table 3.2. Weighting factors of water quality parameters .......................................................23

Table 3.3. Water quality range .................................................................................................25

Table 3.4. The relationship between bio – index ASPT and population level. ........................26

Table 4.1. List of invertebrate present in sample location........................................................27

Table 4.2. List of macroinvertebrates were found in sample location that lay in BMWPVIET

scoring system. .........................................................................................................................34

Table 4.3. Biological index in sample location 1:....................................................................35

Table 4.4. Biological index in sample location 2: ....................................................................36

Table 4.5. Biological index in sample location 3 .....................................................................37

Table 4.6. Results of WQI calculating by using the formula of WQI with missing parameters

..................................................................................................................................................48

LIST OF PICTURE

Picture 2.1. Pond net.................................................................................................................20

Picture 2.2 (a): collecting samples; (b) putting samples in metal dish; (c) conserving samples

in 70% alcohol; (d) laboratory analysis....................................................................................21

Picture 4.1. Shoreline buffer....................................................................................................51

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 3.1. Location of study site in Lam Son commune ........................................................10

Figure 3.2. Map of Phoenix Golf Course (Source: Phoenix Golf Course)...............................12

Figure 3.3. Operations of the Phoenix Golf course that affect amount of chemicals and water

applications...............................................................................................................................14

Figure 3.2. Map of sample locations in Bui River ...................................................................16

Figure 3.3. Water samples location in study site......................................................................18

Figure 3.4 Map of biological sample........................................................................................22

Figure 4.1. The ratio of species composition in 3 sample locations of Bui River....................30

Figure 4.2. The Shannon Wiener index of diversity values at study site .................................31

Figure 4.3. The proportion of invertebrate feed groups corresponds to changes in the physical

factor in the longitudinal direction (Source: USDA 2001).......................................................32

Figure 4.4. The respond of the number of families and ASPT score .......................................38

Figure 4.5.pH fluctuation in four periods at three different locations......................................39

Figure 4.6. The amount of TSS in four periods at three locations ...........................................40

Figure 4.7. Values for BOD in four periods at three different locations..................................41

Figure 4.8. COD concentration in four periods at three different locations............................42

Figure 4.9. DO level of Bui River in 4 periods at 3 locations..................................................43

Figure 4.10. Total nitrogen of Bui River in 4 periods at 3 locations........................................44

Figure 4.11. Total phosphorus of Bui River in 4 periods at 3 locations...................................45

Figure 4.12. Total coliform of Bui River in 4 periods at 3 locations .......................................46

Figure 4.13. The impact of Phoenix Golf Course on water quality of Bui River from upstream

to downstream ..........................................................................................................................47

Figure 4.14. WQI values in 4 periods at 3 locations................................................................49

1

ABSTRACT

In the current time, more and more golf courses are beginning to take form in the

world. However, under many activities of golf courses which are using fertilizers and

pesticides for turfgrasses, water quality has declined significantly. This study was conducted

to examine water quality of the Bui River under the impact of the Phoenix Golf Course using

two main methods: macroinvertebrate community through BMWPVIET and ASPT scoring

systems, along with physical and chemical parameters characteristics (pH, pH, TSS, DO,

COD, BOD5, NO3

-

, PO4, total coliforms) at three locations: upstream, in the stream passing

through the golf course, and downstream. Measurements were taken in 4 different periods: on

a sunny day without using fertilizers and pesticides, one day after applying fertilizers and

pesticides, after applying fertilizers and pesticides on a rainy day, and using fertilizers and

pesticides on a sunny day. The results show that: (1) Operations of the Phoenix Golf course in

applying fertilizers and pesticides with 76 – 78 tons fertilizers per year, 41280 liter pesticides

per year; (2) pollution level decreases dramatically from upstream to downstream (from 6.4 to

4.2) based on ASPT method; (3) The concentrations of pollutants increased significantly from

upstream to downstream. Almost parameters exceeded B1 standard, only pH, total nitrogen

and total coliform range in B1 standard limit based on Vietnam water quality Standard while

WQI also depicted that water quality decreases from upstream to downstream. This finding

suggested some solutions to reduce the influence of golf course to water quality and aquatic

ecosystem of Bui River catchment including improved pesticide management and riparian

buffer zones.