Housing the New Romans

i

Housing the New Romans

ii

1

iii

Housing the New Romans

Architectural Reception and Classical

Style in the Modern World

Edited by Katharine T. von Stackelberg

and Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis

1

iv

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers

the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education

by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University

Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2017

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the

prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted

by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction

rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the

above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the

address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

CIP data is on file at the Library of Congress

ISBN 978–0–19–027233–3

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America

v

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments xvii

Notes on Contributors xix

Introduction: Architectural Reception and the Neo-Antique 1

Katharine T. von Stackelberg and

Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis

CHAPTER 1 (Re)presenting Romanitas at Sir John Soane’s House and

Villa 24

Ann Kuttner

CHAPTER 2 The Hôtel de Beauharnais in Paris: Egypt, Greece, Rome,

and the Dynamics of Stylistic Transformation 54

Caroline van Eck and Miguel John Versluys

CHAPTER 3 The History of Human Habitation: Ancient Domestic

Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Europe 92

Shelley Hales

CHAPTER 4 Domestic Interiors, National Concerns: The Pompeian

Style in the United States 126

Marden Fitzpatrick Nichols

CHAPTER 5 The Impossible Exedra: Engineering Contemplation and

Conviviality in Turn-of-the-Century America 153

Melody Barnett Deusner

CHAPTER 6 Entombing Antiquity: A New Consideration of Classical

and Egyptian Appropriation in the Funerary Architecture

of Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City 190

Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis

vi | Contents

vi

CHAPTER 7 Reconsidering Hyperreality: “Roman” Houses and Their

Gardens 232

Katharine T. von Stackelberg

Afterword: New Romans, New Directions 269

Katharine T. von Stackelberg and

Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis

Bibliography 277

Index 309

vi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1.1 View of Soane’s Study in Lincoln’s Inn Fields with cast of the

Apotheosis of Homer relief by Archelaos of Priene (Hellenistic

original from Bovillae, now in British Museum [1819,0812.1]). Plate

VII in John Soane, 1835, Description of the House and Museum

on the North Side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, the Residence of Sir John

Soane (Courtesy of the G. Holmes Perkins Rare Book Collection,

Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania). 32

1.2 Fresco from the Roman house discovered at the Villa Negroni

in Rome (1777), second century AD. Hand-colored engraving by

Angelo Campanella after an image by Anton Raphael Mengs,

published by Camillo Buti, 1778. Plate III (bathing Venus with

Cupids and nymph) from a series of eight in the Breakfast

Room of the House Museum (Sir John Soane’s House Museum,

reference number P 158; Courtesy of the Sir John Soane’s

Museum). see color insert

1.3 Breakfast Parlor at Pitzhanger Manor, watercolor drawing by

J. M. Gandy, 1802–1803 (Sir John Soane’s House Museum,

reference number (205) F42; Courtesy of Sir John Soane’s

Museum). see color insert

1.4 Library at Pitzhanger Manor, looking toward the Breakfast

Room, watercolor drawing by J. M. Gandy made for the Royal

Academy exhibition, 1803 (Sir John Soane’s House Museum,

vi

viii | List of Illustrations

reference number (221) F41; Courtesy of the Sir John Soane’s

Museum). 46

1.5 The Breakfast Room of Sir John Soane’s House Museum,

detail with Buti prints (Photo: Hugh Kelly; Courtesy of Sir John

Soane’s Museum). see color insert

1.6 The Breakfast Room of Sir John Soane’s House Museum,

“view looking into the Museum,” with the series of Buti plates.

Plate XXXI in John Soane, 1835, Description of the House

and Museum on the North Side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, the

Residence of Sir John Soane (Courtesy of the G. Holmes Perkins

Rare Book Collection, Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of

Pennsylvania). 50

1.7 The Breakfast Room of Sir John Soane, two sections showing

the series of Buti plates of the Roman house at the Villa Negroni.

Plate XXX in John Soane, 1835, Description of the House

and Museum on the North Side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, the

Residence of Sir John Soane (Courtesy of the G. Holmes Perkins

Rare Book Collection, Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of

Pennsylvania). 51

2.1a and b. Hôtel de Torcy, courtyard facade (a) and the garden

facade oriented toward the Seine, Germain Boffrand, from Jean

Mariette’s Architecture Française, Paris, 1727 (Courtesy Institut

National d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris). (b) 58

2.2a and b. Hôtel de Torcy, plans of the ground floor (a) and

first floor (b), Germain Boffrand, from Jean Mariette’s

Architecture Française, Paris, 1727 (Courtesy of Institut National

d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris). 59

2.3 View of the court of the Hôtel de Beauharnais, watercolor, Jean￾Thomas Thibault, 1816. The figures of Prussian soldiers were later

added by Carle Vernet on the request of Alexander von Humboldt

(Courtesy of Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin￾Brandenburg). see color insert

2.4 Design for an Egyptian Temple and Portico for the Château de

Valençay, Jean-Augustin Renard (Courtesy of Institut National

d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris). 60

ix

List of Illustrations | ix

2.5 Antinous, Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet (attr.), turquoise marble, c.

1803–1806, currently in the Musée Marmottan (C. van Eck and

M. J. Versluys). 63

2.6 Cheminée exécutée chez le Prince Eugène, frontal view, details

and view of the chimney mantle surface, Lucien-François

Feuchère, 1804–1806 (Courtesy of Musée des Arts Décoratifs,

Paris). 64

2.7 Kneeling Nubian Women Candelabra, gilt bronze, Lucien￾François Feuchère, 1804–1806 (Hôtel de Beauharnais, Grande

Galerie; Courtesy of Deutsches Forum für Kunstgeschichte,

Paris). 65

2.8 Hôtel de Beauharnais, Grand Salon, now Salon des Quatre

Saisons, with paintings of the four seasons attributed to the studio

of Anne Girodet-Trioson, 1803–1806 (Courtesy of Deutsches

Forum für Kunstgeschichte, Paris). see color insert

2.9 Hôtel de Beauharnais, Salon de Musique, with paintings attributed

to the studio of Anne Girodet-Trioson, 1803–1806 (Courtesy of

Deutsches Forum für Kunstgeschichte, Paris). 66

2.10 Hôtel de Beauharnais, Cabinet des bains with reflecting mirrors,

1803–1806 (Courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York/

Deutsches Forum für Kunstgeschichte, Paris). 67

2.11 Hôtel de Beauharnais, Turkish Boudoir with scenes from

Ottoman life, 1803–1806 (Courtesy of Deutsches Forum für

Kunstgeschichte, Paris). 68

2.12 Frontispiece of the Description de l’Égypte, Antoine Cécile, Paris

1809 (Courtesy of Centre historique des Archives nationales￾Atelier de photographie). 69

2.13 Pendule “portique à l’égyptienne”, 1807–1808, gilt copper

alliage, with a mechanism by Lépine. (Courtesy of Musée

National du Palais de Compiègne). 82

3.1 View of L’Histoire de l’habitation humaine exhibition from the

corner of the Roman House (N.B. This is an inverted image)

(Courtesy of Henry Clay Cochrane Collection, 1889 (COLL/1).

At the Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections; official

USMC photograph). 93

x

x | List of Illustrations

3.2 Plan général de l’Exposition Universelle de 1889. From

L’exposition de Paris, publiée avec la collaboration d’écrivains

spéciaux, vol. 1, 1889 (Courtesy of Brown University

Library). see color insert

3.3 The Roman House. Lithograph by C. Garnier & A. Ammann from

L’Histoire d’habitation humaine, 1892 (Courtesy of Bodleian

Library, University of Oxford). 99

3.4 Interior of the Roman House. Lithograph by C. Garnier & A.

Ammann from L’Histoire d’habitation humaine, 1892 (Courtesy

of Bodleian Library, University of Oxford). 99

3.5 The Pompeian Court, Sydenham Crystal Palace. Lithograph by

Day & Son after photograph by P. Delamotte, 1854. From Views

of the Crystal Palace and Park, Sydenham. From drawings by

eminent artists and photographs by P. Delamotte, pl. IX (Courtesy

of the British Library). 104

3.6 The Gallo-Roman House. Lithograph by C. Garnier & A.

Ammann from L’Histoire d’habitation humaine, 1892 (Courtesy

of Bodleian Library, University of Oxford). 107

3.7 Répétition du Joueur de flûte et la Femme di Diomède dans

l’atrium de la maison de S. A. I. le Prince Napoléon, Gustave

Boulanger, 1861 (Château de Versailles; Bridgeman Art

Library). see color insert

3.8 The Roman House. Trade card distributed by Biscuits Pernot

(Image in the Public Domain). 110

3.9 The Byzantine House. Lithograph by C. Garnier & A. Ammann

from L’Histoire d’habitation humaine, 1892 (Courtesy of

Bodleian Library, University of Oxford). 111

3.10 The Byzantine House, with the Eiffel Tower (Unattributed

photograph; image in the Public Domain). 112

3.11 The Gallo-Roman House. Lithograph by F. Jourdain, from

Constructions elevées au Champ de Mars par M. Charles Garnier

pour servir a l’histoire de l’habitation humaine, 1889 (Courtesy

of Bodleian Library, University of Oxford). 113

3.12 The Roman House. Trade card distributed by Chocolat

d’Aiguebelle (Image in the Public Domain). 114

xi

List of Illustrations | xi

4.1 Pompeian Room, Earl of Aylesford and Joseph Bonomi,

Packington Hall, Warwickshire, 1785–1788 (Alamy, Inc.).

see color insert

4.2 Senate Appropriations Committee Room (formerly Naval Affairs

Committee Room) with mural designs by Constantino Brumidi

U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, 1856–1858. (Image in the Public

Domain). 134

4.3 Bathroom with mural designs by Giuseppe Guidicini, Victoria

Mansion, Portland, Maine, c. 1860 (Gianfranco Pocobene).

see color insert

4.4 Drawing Room (Pompeian room), Pottier & Stymus, Leland

Stanford mansion, San Francisco, c. 1877. (Image in the Public

Domain). 137

4.5 Drawing Room (Pompeian room), Pottier & Stymus, Leland

Stanford mansion, San Francisco, c. 1877. (Image in the Public

Domain). 138

4.6 Modern Pompeian Parlor, from Harriet Prescott Spofford, Art

Decoration Applied to Furniture, 1878 (Mary Ann Beinecke

Decorative Art Collection; Courtesy of Sterling and Francine

Clark Art Institute Library, Williamstown, Massachusetts). 141

4.7 Pompeian Bath-room, from Harriet Prescott Spofford, Art

Decoration Applied to Furniture, 1878 (Mary Ann Beinecke

Decorative Art Collection; Courtesy of Sterling and Francine

Clark Art Institute Library, Williamstown, Massachusetts). 142

4.8 Pompeian Room, Nathan Straus residence, New York, c. 1903

(Courtesy of the Library of Congress). 145

4.9 Drawing Room, Herter Brothers, J. P. Morgan residence, New

York, c. 1880–1882 (Courtesy of National Gallery of Art Library,

David K. E. Bruce Fund). 146

4.10 Pompeian Room, Hotel Whitehall, New York, undated postcard

(M. Nichols). 148

4.11 Pompeian Room, Rector’s, New York, c. 1914, c. 1914 (Wurts

Bros., New York, NY; Courtesy of Museum of the City of

New York). 148

xi

xii | List of Illustrations

4.12 Fountain in Pompeian Room, Congress Hotel and Annex,

Chicago, undated postcard (M. Nichols). see color insert

5.1 A Reading from Homer, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1885 (Courtesy

of Philadelphia Museum of Art). see color insert

5.2 Men seated in the exedra of the William E. Dodge Monument in

Herald Square, New York (Byron Company, 1898) (Courtesy of

Museum of the City of New York). 154

5.3 Music Room in the Henry Gurdon Marquand residence, New York

(Courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). 154

5.4 Admiral David Glasgow Farragut Memorial, Madison Square

Park, New York, Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Stanford White;

illustration from New York Daily Graphic, May 26, 1881, 641

(Image in the Public Domain). 157

5.5 “At Delmonico’s: The Main Restaurant, Looking Toward Madison

Square.” Arthur Jule Goodman, The Illustrated American, May 16,

1891, 629 (Courtesy of the New York Public Library). 167

5.6 Lincoln Monument (Standing Lincoln), Augustus Saint-Gaudens

and Stanford White, Chicago, 1887 (Detroit Publishing Co., c.

1901; Courtesy of Library of Congress Prints and Photographs

Division, LC-D4-13268). 172

5.7 The Relation of the Individual to the State, John La Farge, c. 1905,

oil on canvas, permanently fixed to wall. Supreme Court chamber,

west wall, St. Paul, Minnesota (David Oakes, Minnesota Senate

Media Services). 176

5.8 Maria Oakey Dewing and Annie Lazarus, Cornish, New

Hampshire, photograph by Henry Prellwitz, c. 1895 (The Thomas

Wilmer Dewing Papers, Private Collection. Courtesy of Susan A.

Hobbs). 179

5.9 Commerce and Agriculture Bringing Wealth to Detroit. Oil on

canvas, Thomas Wilmer Dewing, 1900. Detroit Institute of Arts,

Museum Purchase (Courtesy of the Eleanor and Edsel Ford

Exhibition and Acquisition Fund, and partial gift of Mr. and

Mrs. Silver. The Bridgeman Art Library). see color insert

5.10 “Resting Places in the Garden.” Charles Downing Lay, July 1907,

Indoors and Out IV:4, 180 (Image in the Public Domain). 183

xi

List of Illustrations | xiii

5.11 Adams Memorial, Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Stanford White,

1892. Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, DC (Courtesy of

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, HABS

DC,WASH, 384–2). 184

5.12 Stubenbord-Sutherland Exedra, Stanley Edwards and Farrington,

Gould, and Hoagland, 1915. Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn,

New York (Nina Gray). 187

6.1 Map of New York City with Woodlawn and Green-Wood

Cemeteries (E. Macaulay-Lewis and A. Wilkins). 194

6.2 Plan of Woodlawn Cemetery with the following noted tombs: (1)

Bache, (2) Woolworth, (3) Goelet, (4) Gould, (5) Leeds, and (6)

Garvan (E. Macaulay-Lewis and A. Wilkins). 195

6.3 Jay Gould’s Mausoleum from the southeast

(E. Macaulay-Lewis). 203

6.4 Francis P. Garvan’s Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 207

6.5 The Temple of Portunus, previously known as Fortuna Virilis,

Rome (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons,

CC by 2.0). 208

6.6 The bronze bas-relief to the left of the entrance to the Garvan

Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 209

6.7 The bronze bas-relief to the right of the entrance to the Garvan

Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 210

6.8 The Leeds Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 212

6.9 The relief above the entrance to the Leeds Mausoleum, carved by

Adolph A. Weinman (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 214

6.10 The Goelet Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 216

6.11 The Jules S. Bache Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 218

6.12 The so-called Kiosk of Trajan at Philae, Egypt. Bonfils,

1867–1899 (Courtesy of the Library of Congress,

LC-DIG-ppmsca-03941). 219

6.13 The F. W. Woolworth Mausoleum (E. Macaulay-Lewis). 223

6.14 The Temple of Dendur. The right screen wall was not visible

in historical photographs and has been heavily reconstructed.

Bonfils, 1867–1899 (Courtesy of the Library of Congress,

LC-DIG-ppmsca-04092). 224

xiv

xiv | List of Illustrations

6.15 The door of the F. W. Woolworth Mausoleum

(E. Macaulay-Lewis) 227

7.1 Great outer peristyle garden and pool. Getty Villa Museum

(K. T. von Stackelberg). see color insert

7.2 Inner peristyle garden, Getty Villa Museum

(K. T. von Stackelberg). 241

7.3 Herb garden with fruit trees and vineyard. Getty Villa Museum

(K. T. von Stackelberg). 242

7.4 Mosaic nymphaeum copied from the House of the Great Fountain,

Pompeii. East garden, Getty Villa Museum

(K. T. von Stackelberg). 244

7.5 Bronze athlete, Great peristyle garden, Getty Villa Museum

(K. T. von Stackelberg) 246

7.6 Pompeia exterior with roof garden and zystus (sic) (Andrew

Dickson, 1889. White Architectural Photograph Collection,

15-5-3090.0049; Courtesy of Division of Rare and Manuscript

Collections, Cornell University Library). 248

7.7 Display of books and plaster copies in the Pompeia oecus

(Andrew Dickson. White Architectural Photograph Collection,

15-5-3090.00453; Courtesy of Division of Rare and Manuscript

Collections, Cornell University Library). 251

7.8 Atrium of the Pompeia (Andrew Dickson. White Architectural

Photograph Collection, 15-5-3090.00452; Courtesy of Division

of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University

Library). 253

7.9 Pompeia hortus with garden paintings (Andrew Dickson.

White Architectural Photograph Collection, 15-5-3090.00450;

Courtesy of Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections,

Cornell University Library). 255

7.10 Crowninshield Garden, Nicholas de Molas, 1938 (Hagley

Digital Archives, 84.32.1; Courtesy of Hagley Museum and

Library). see color insert

7.11 View of Hagley House (top, center) and Eleutherian Mills

powder yards from the Brandywine River, c. 1822