Hotel

SUZANNE STEWART WEISSINGER

CHAPTER OUTLINE

I. Ancient History

Classic Greek and Roman Days

Bible References

II. Middle Ages

liT. Colonial Period

TV. Nineteenth Century

Spas and Resorts

Luxury Hotels

V. The Twentieth Century

Other Noteworthy Innkeepers

Tourist Courts

The Great Depression and World

War II

Advent of Air Travel

VI. The Industry Today

Alternative Lodging

Government Influence

Growth of the Industry

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

LODGINGS:

YESTERDAY AND TODAY

After reading this chapter, you should be able to

• Discuss the history of the lodging industry from ancient to modern

times.

• Describe the post roads and the taverns where George Washington slept

in his travels along the eastern coast of the United States.

• Cite the names of several famous people who influenced the hotel

industry.

• Discuss how the introduction of railroads, automobiles, and air travel

affected the lodging industry.

• Describe governmental influence on the lodging industry in the United

States and other countries.

• Understand the future trends of the industry.

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"GEORGE WASHINGTON SLEPT HERE!"

So read the signs that hang above so many rooms, people wonder

if George ever slept at his beloved Mt. Vernon at all! The inns

where George Washington slept were scattered across the eastern

United States in small coastal cities and towns along the post

roads. These inns were called taverns, with public rooms on the

first floor and sleeping rooms above.

The heat from the open fireplace, the odors of the cooking

meat, the smoke, the wet leather, and the tobacco would engulf

an arriving guest. The Long planked wooden tables were all

crowded, not only with guests staying for the night, but also with

local people stopping by for a tankard of beer and a smoke. After

a few puffs the men would pass the long-stemmed clay pipe to a

compatriot who would break off the used end and have his

smoke. The boisterous voices of the guests competed with the

bellowing of the mistress of the inn telling a servant to stoke the

already blazing fire or to serve a guest.

The privy house was a scant 20 feet from the tavern. Upstairs

were two rooms each with four beds. Each bed slept at least three

people crosswise. Wooden hooks protruded from the walls for the

guests to hang clothes, though they slept with all but outer clothes

on. No candle would be sent up to the sleeping rooms, and after

dark, the tavern visitors would make do with the light of the open

fire. Surely, Washington would have been offered a room in the

family's private quarters.

Chapter 7 Lodgings: Yesterday and Today

ANCIENT HISTORY

CLASSIC GREEK AND ROMAN DAYS

Think of all the hospitality that you and J enjoyed from strangers

before we reached our homes . . . .

3

Though a myth, the travels of Odysseus, as recorded by Homer in

the Odyssey and the Jliad give insights into lodgings of those ancient

days. While roaming the Mediterranean his statement above shows

his appreciation of hospitable welcomes where he stayed.

In ancient Rome the inns were large mansions. Owners of these

inns would not allow guests to stay unless they carried a "letter of

eviction," which was permission to travel from government offi￾cials. Similar inns existed along the famous Appian Way, and as

with the larger inns, the owners were often investigators for the

government.

The Romans, mostly legionnaires and civil officials, built monu￾ments to their civilization throughout Britain and Europe in their ex￾ploration and conquering expeditions. Most were built in beautiful

areas with natural springs. Their taverns were called "tabernas," and

the attached inn was called a "cauponas." In Bath, England, relics dat￾ing from A.D . 54 still exist today.

In early days in the Near East, caravans crossing vast deserts,

stopped at caravansaries. These were accommodations that sur￾rounded large courtyards.

BIBLE REFERENCES

And she brought forth her first-horn son, and wrapped him in swad￾dling clothes and laid him in a manger; because there was no room

for them in the inn. (Luke 2:7.)

Certainly the most famous inn is the one in Bethlehem. The great

crowds reporting there to pay their taxes had overburdened the

lodging industry of that small town. This is not the only mention of

the hotel industry in the Bible. In the Old Testament we are told

about Jacob and his brother traveling in Judea, going to an inn, and

foddering their mounts. To these inns, travelers would bring their

own supplies. They are similar to khans, or rest houses, found in the

Middle East today.

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FIGURE 1-1

The Tabard Inn, featured in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, was a fine hostelry of

the 1300s in London.

MIDDLE AGES

Tn Southwark at that high-class hostelry known as the Tabard, close

beside The Bell ....

The famous storyteller Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales speaks of the

Tabard, a fine hostelry of the 1300s in London. As Chaucer relates, the

host of the Tabard decided to accompany the pilgrims on their jour￾ney and listen to their stories. During the book, Chaucer tells of eat￾ing table d'hote (a menu from which one may order a complete meal

at a set price) and settling their "reckoning" (hotel bill). The Savoy

Hotel in London has foundations believed to date from Chaucer's

time. Fourteenth-century innkeeping, as Chaucer describes it, sounds

as sophisticated in many ways as it is today.

The term hostelers, meaning "inn holders," was not used until1473.

The term may have come from the Old French word ostel. Gradually

"hostelers" shifted in meaning from "owner" of the inn to "inn-servant."

The his sometimes dropped to "ostler." The term hostel, meaning "inn,"

was not used until the 1800s. In modem usage hostels are accommoda￾tions of lesser quality, and hostelers are guests who stay at hostels.

During the Crusades the hotel industry grew. The design was fairly

standard: The enclosed courtyard was surrounded by the kitchen, tav-

Chapter 7 Lodgings: Yesterday and Today

L

Punch

FIGURE 1-l

On their journey, Chaucer's pilgrims ate "table d'hote," which means they

ordered from a limited menu.

5

ern, and public rooms on the front facade. On each side, winging out

from the front, were the sleeping rooms. Along the back of the build￾ing were the stables. Could this not be the forerunner of motels?-

Park your horses and stay a night.

COLONIAL PERIOD

Public coach service was put into effect around 1650. The coaches ran

between major cities and stopped wherever passengers wanted, similar

to the way our bus lines operate today. Coach inns were built along the

routes primarily at points where teams of horses were changed. The

British use the term ordinary to describe such inns.

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The United States Postal Service, established in 1710, called its pri￾mary routes between major towns along the Atlantic Coast post

roa.ds. With the establishment of these post roads, entrepreneurial

farmers converted their farm houses into inns. Passengers from the

coaches slept in the hostel's long room with their feet toward the fire.

The vignette "George Washington Slept Here/' in the opening para￾graphs of this chapter, describes the inns and hostels of this era.

NINETEENTH CENTURY

The introduction of railroads had great influence on the hotel/motel

industry. In the early 1800s, as train tracks were laid throughout the

Western world, depot hotels began to arise. In most cases (as with the

Euston Station in London, built in 1830) the hotel was connected di￾rectly to the train station. Similarly, think of the masses of hotels

around airports today with shuttle buses carrying passengers directly

to their lodgings. As early as the 1800s the transportation and lodg￾ings industries could not be separated.

As Canadians laid train tracks across the vast North American con￾tinent, they built magnificent hotels and resorts near the route. Le

Chateau Frontenac in Quebec, Chateau Laurier in Ottawa, and Chateau

Lake Louise in Alberta are examples.

SPAS AND RESORTS

Spas, which are mineral springs or pools believed to be medicinal or

healthful, have been tourist sites since Roman days. Throughout the

world the advent of trains caused beautiful resorts to be built at these

sites. In 1830 Pennsylvania boasted that it was the first state to have

railway travel to its spas. However, the most famous spa in those days

was Saratoga Springs, New York. Advertised, and quite popular, were

Saratoga trunks that would accommodate all the clothes one needed

to spend a "season" at a resort.

Spas at Baden, Germanyi Marienbad, Bohemiai and Vichy, France,

which had been popular for centuries, became more accessible to the

public via rail. Resort areas such as the French Riviera became the

places to go. Niagara Fallsi the Greenbriar at White Sulfur Springs,

West Virginiai the Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginiai and The Clois￾ter at Sea Island, Georgia, are legendary resorts that still exist today.

Since the early 1900s, the Poconos and Catskills, Aspen and Vail, and

hundreds of other noted resort areas have sprung up.

Chapter 7 Lodgings: Yesterday and Today 7

FIGURE 1-3

A popular vacation in the early 1800s was a visit to a spa. To prepare for these

trips, immense Saratoga trunks were stuffed with everything "m'lady" could

possibly need for a season there.

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In 1841, Englishman Thomas Cook arranged his first tour.

Though it was a one-day train excursion, shortly thereafter he organ￾ized overnight trips, booking multiple rooms at hotels for his clients.

Considered the first travel agent, by 1856 he was taking groups of

North Americans to hotels on his "Cook's Tour of Europe."

LUXURY HOTELS

Another benchmark for the hotel industry in the nineteenth century

was the opening of the Tremont Hotel in Boston. It was the first lux￾ury hotel and boasted the first indoor toilets and the first private bed￾rooms with locks on the doors. The Tremont also had a version of to￾day's bellhop, then called a "rotunda man."

In 1889 the famous Swiss hotelier Cesar Ritz became manager at

the Savoy in London. Eventually, he opened his own London Ritz and

subsequently opened famed luxury hotels in Paris, New York, and

other cities.

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

A bed with a bath for a dollar and a half

This was the motto that led the hotel industry into the twentieth cen￾tury. E.M. Statler opened his first hotel in Buffalo, New York, in 1907.

Individual rooms with private baths and Statler's ability to cater to

business travelers set this hotel apart. Statler's name is legendary in

the industry today.

OTHER NOTEWORTHY INNKEEPERS

Conrad Hilton, "King of the Innkeepers," also influenced this era.

Hilton, who had helped his family run a hotel in New Mexico, opened

his first hotel, the Mobley, in Texas in 1919. From there the Dallas

Hilton opened in 1925. Today the familiar Hilton name is seen in al￾most every major city. In 1954, Hilton bought the Statler chain.

Statler-Hiltons are located in New York, Dallas, Washington, and

other cities.

Several other names also are legendary in the industry, among

them Howard Johnson,]. Williard Marriott, and Kemmons Wilson,

founder of Holiday Inns. Each founder has a unique success story, and

Chapter 7 Lodgings: Yesterday and Today

•

FIGURE 1-4

Conrad Hilton started his world renowned chain of hotels when he bought

the Mobley in Texas in 1919.

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each chain has its own standards of hospitality that it has established

over the years.

TOURIST COURTS

The automobile led the hotel industry into a booming business in the

1920s. The term motel, coined from "motor hotel/' goes back to the

time when a farmer owning land along the major routes would build

wooden 10 foot by 10 foot cabins along the road in front of his prop￾erty. A car could be pulled right up to the cabin, where a traveler could

spend the evening. The owners of these motels soon expanded to,

perhaps, 15 cabins. These were called tourist courts. These businesses

proved profitable during the free economy of the 1920s. Compare

tourist courts with the huge motor inns that border the interstate

highways of today.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND WORLD WAR II

The 1930s saw the Great Depression and a setback for the lodging in￾dustry. Many smaller motels went bankrupt. The industry did not re￾cover until the war years.

During World War II, thousands of people, both military and

civilian, traveled throughout the United States. There were troops be￾ing transported, workers going to various war factories, and families

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FIGURE 1-S

With the advent of air travel, business travelers became the most important

lodging guests.

reuniting. New hotels were built near all major military bases and in￾dustrial areas.

ADVENT OF AIR TRAVEL

At the end of the war a new mode of transportation had matured. Air

travel was now available to the masses, and business was booming,

while conventions and conferences became an integral part of suc￾cessful commerce. Companies opened regional and branch offices.

Thus business travelers, in their vast numbers, became the most im￾portant lodging guests.

Also, because people had more disposable income following the

war, they were able to travel more for pleasure. The advent of air travel

prompted resort hotels to spring up around the world. Southern

Spain, Yugoslavia, the Canary Islands, Hawaii, and Las Vegas, to men￾tion a few, all offered lavish resort complexes.

Chapter 7 Lodgings: Yesterday and Today 11

Many resorts offered package plans, some in conjunction with the

airlines, where one price pays for airfare and accommodations. Club

Med established many resort properties. At Club Med resorts, guests

pay a set fee which covers all expenses including air, hotel, all meals,

bar bill, cigarettes, and golf or tennis fees. The convenience and com￾fort of knowing exactly what your expenses will be ahead of time, and

having them paid in advance, are prominent features of a package

plan. These plans are still popular among vacation travelers today.

THE INDUSTRYTODAY

Nothing has daunted the growth spiral of the hotel/motel business.

The industry today is diverse and offers lodgings to satisfy just about

any type of traveler.

ALTERNATIVE LODGING

Since some travelers seek accommodations different from the tradi￾tional hotel/motel room, the lodging industry today offers alterna￾tives, such as campgrounds and bed and breakfast (B & B) opportuni￾ties, to accommodate all tastes. Campgrounds appeal to travelers who

prefer to commune with nature while on vacation. Campgrounds,

both commercial and in national and state parks, are a small but

thriving part of the lodging industry.

ln the Middle East, renovated harems that once accommodated a

man's 60 wives, now serve as hotels. In Africa, a hotel called "Tree￾tops" features rooms in a huge tree from which guests can watch wild

animals feed at night. In Japan, there are ryokans which exhibit typ￾ical, simple Japanese decor, and inexpensive lodgings with four to six

built-in bunk beds. And there are boatels, or accommodations on

boats. The most famous of these is the Queen Mary, which is docked

at Long Beach, California, and can accommodate conventions and

conferences. A person can pay for a room in a wigwam, a lighthouse,

or even sleep on a Chattanooga Choo-Choo Pullman car where the

beautiful train depot there serves as the lobby.

There are B & Bs and pensiones, all offering breakfast and often a

shared bath down the hall. Student fraternity houses also are turned

into hostels for the summer and registered as hotels. Elderhostel is an

organization that specializes in educational tours for senior citizens.

They stay in college and university dormitories while studying an area

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or a particular topic. No matter the preference, be it luxury, unusual, or

everyday, travelers will usually find a hotel to their liking.

GOVERNMENT INFLUENCE

A nation's government can influence, regulate, or control its accom￾modations industry. For example, governments apply and enforce

sanitation and safety rules. They establish reimbursement rates for

government employee travel. Some nations own lodging establish￾ments. Spain owns paradores and Portugal owns pousadas. These are

hotels usually in renovated historic properties. The theory behind the

government ownership was to provide affordable accommodations

for the populace. This is similar to government's involvement in na￾tional parks. Some countries rate and rank their hotels. Large incen￾tives in the way of tax privileges are sometimes given to hotel own￾ers. In the Caribbean, sometimes import duties are forgiven for

construction materials used for building a property. Scarce items, such

as limited beef produced on a small island, may have minimal import

tax because a government appreciates the importance of both satisfy￾ing tourists and generating income for its economy.

In the United States we see government influence in the

hotel/motel industry with highway appropriations and tax write-offs

for business travel expenses. Overall, in the free world the hotel/

motel industry is a free enterprise. It can be a massive conglomerate

or a small "Ma and Pa" operation.

GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY

Over 50 percent of the United States economy in this decade is de￾voted to service-oriented business, up from 33 percent in 1950. So the

phenomenal growth of the lodgings industry, a major player within

the service industry, is not surprising. Today there are more than

45,000 hotels, motels, motor lodges, and resorts in the United States

alone. These account for 2 million rooms available for rent on any

one given night. By 2000 it is estimated that in the United States the

accommodations industry will employ over 205 million people.

The international business boom, economic prosperity, and a de￾sire for broadening cultural and social knowledge promise great

growth for the tourism industry in the future. Obviously, the lodgings

industry will keep pace. More and more hotels will be built, and more

and more trained personnel will be employed.

Chapter 7 Lodgings: Yesterday and Today 13

TRENDS

The past few years have seen changes in the hospitality industry. On

the one hand, mega-mergers between familiar "brand name" hotels

are spawning large hotel companies. At the same time independently

owned properties are disappearing, though there has been a tremen￾dous growth of small, intimate bed and breakfast establishments.

New hotels are being opened in the suburbs and at airports as opposed

to downtown districts.

As with everything today, electronic communications are not a

luxury but a necessity. Even a vacationer is likely to carry a computer,

so electronic access must be provided in guest rooms. Computerized

automatic check-out, room service ordering, and voice-mail are be￾coming standard throughout hotels.

One of the fastest growing segments of the industry is extended￾stay hotels. These cater to business people on the move, with kitch￾enettes and sitting rooms providing comforts for month-long stays.

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CHAPTER ACTIVITIES

1. List all the terms that mean "lodging establishment" in this

chapter.

2. In th is time line, describe th e accommodations used by

travelers. Also add significant inventions or social trends that

affected lodgings of the time. Speculate on what

accommodations will be like in the year 2020.

Ancient History B.C. 100

Crusades ---lf-- A D. 1100

Middle Ages 1300

Renaissance 1400

Colonial Period 1650

1790

Nineteenth Century 1800

1880

Twentieth Century 1900

Present

The future 2020