Hệ thống tín chỉ tại các trường Đại học Hoa Kỳ: Lịch sử phát triển, định nghĩa và cơ chế hoạt động

GIAO DUC NUb C NGOAI

HE THONG TiN CHJ TAI CAC TRlTdNG DAI HOC HOA KJ:

UCH SUPHAT TRIEN, DINH NGHlAVA GO CHi HOAT OONG

O PGS. TS. GARY J. TRESLER*

Trong bdi viet ndy, chung tdi se cd gdng md

cdi «hdp den" cuo he thdng tin chi (TC) nhdm

giup cdc nhd gido dye Viel Nam hieu ngudn

goc cuo he thdng TC MT, edu true cuo he thdng

ndy vd nhdng bd phdn hqp thdnh cdn thiel de he

thdng dy ed the hoql ddng duqc, ddng lhdi chung

Idi eung se Idm rd nhung y kien phe phdn chu

yeu ddi vdi he thdng ndy.

Cd nhieu thudt ngd vd djnh nghlo duqc dCing

trong bdi ndy, do vdy bdng 1 djnh nghTa cdc

thudt ngu se giup ngudi dqc nhanh chdng hieu

rd nhung y tudng ehinh (xem bdng trang ben).

1. He thdng gid TC trong cdc trudng OH

Hoc Ki

Khdc vdi Viet Nam, Hoo Ki khdng ed nhirng

lieu chudn gido dye duqc quy dinh tir nhd nude

Irung uong. Hien phdp Hoa Ki troo eho ede lieu

bang quyen xde djnh ndi dung cdn duqc gidng

dqy d heu hqc, d phd thdng vd DH. Khdng cd Bd

GD-DT de quy djnh ndi dung chuong trinh hay

qudn li viec thi cu d phqm vi qudc gio, vi vdy

mdi tieu bong xdy dyng mdt mye dieh gido dye

vdi nhung myc heu ey the, eung nhu chuang Irinh

ddo tqo quo chinh quyen cuo lieu bong.

Khodng cudi the ki 19, he thdng TC cuo cdc

Irudng DH M l duqc bdt ddu nhu mdt cdch de

khdc phyc nhi/ng vdn de cuo gido dye Irung hoc.

Nhdng nd lye ndy Id do mdl Id' chue phi ehinh

phu rdt cd quyen lye vd duqc tdi trq rd'l mqnh ed

ten Id Quy Carnegie - vi sy lien bd trong chdt

luqng gidng dqy. Cdc Irudng trung hqc phd' thdng

luc dy trdi quo mdl sy tdng Irudng sd' luqng HS

cyc Idn; vd cung vdi viec ngdy cdng nhieu trudng

hqc ro ddi, ngdy cdng nhieu HS lot nghiep, bdt

ddu cd nhu edu lieu chudn hdo gido dye phd'

thdng vd lieu chudn hdo viec luyen sinh vdo DH.

Sou nhieu cudc tronh ludn, Hiep hdi Gido dye

qud'c gia - mdt Id' chuc phi chinh phu, luyen bd'

rdng: cdc phuang phdp gidng dqy vd phdn bd

thdi gian ddi vdi mqi mdn hqc d bdc phd' thdng

deu nen nhu nhou. Ket qud sou cung Id cdc mdn

hqc duqc xde djnh do ddi thdi gian dyo Iren cde

don vj, duqc tinh tren co sd gid Ten Idp cuo ngudi

hqc. Don vj ndy duqc biel tdi dudi ten gqi Id don

vi Carnegie do vai trd Idnh dqo cua Id' chuc ndy.

Oe thuc ddy cdc trudng OH Hoo Ki chdp nhdn

don vj ndy, Quy Carnegie dd chi ra 10,000,000

USD cho cdc Irudng OH de thdnh ldp mdt quy

bong cho ede gido su, nhi/ng ngudi khdng cd

luong huu. Ooi Iqi, Quy Carnegie yeu edu cac

trudng chdp nhdn he thdng «don vi" cuo cdc

trudng Irung hqc trong viec luyen sinh ddu vdo.

Ndi edeh khdc, Quy Conergie dd dung ngudn

lye tdi ehinh cuo minh nhu mdt cdch de khuyen

khich cdc trudng chdp nhdn cdi edeh theo ldi md

Quy chu truong.

Cung vdi viec cdi cdch gido dye trung hoc, Quy

Carnegie eung quan sdt thdy hdu hel cdc trudng

OH Hoo Ki hoqt ddng mdt edeh ddc ldp theo nhCrng

eo ehe cdu true khde nhou. Y tudng ve lieu chudn

hda, chuyen biel hda, vd nhung khd ndng cOa kT

thudt Ird thdnh nhdng nhdn Id vdn hdo ngdy cdng

quon Irqng frong ddi sdng ngudi ddn Hoo Ki. Dieu

ndy ddn den viec cdc Irudng OH cdng dung frude

thu thdch phdi bien minh duqc nhCrng ngudn Idi

chinh cdng duqc ddu lu eho hq. Kel qud Id mdt he

thdng don vj, hay thudc do duqc tqo ro de do

ludng ndng sudt, hieu qud. «Gid hoc" duqc dinh

nghTa Id mdt gid gidng, thi nghiem thyc hdnh, hay

hqc bdi, ddi vdi mdl HS. Hon nCra, thudc do ndy

cho phep so sdnh cdc trudng vdi nhou, du rdng nd

khdng hnh tdi cdc hoqt ddng nghien cuu, vi nhieu

gido su khdng chi gidng dqy md cdn thyc hien

viec nghien cuu.

Ngdy nay, he thdng TC trong ede trudng DH

Hoa Ki ddi hdi phdi hodn thdnh thudng Id 120

TC Irong vdng 4 ndm de cd mdt bdng DH. Dieu

ndy tuong duong vdi 15 TC mdi hqc ki. Khi xdc

* Tnrcing fiai hpc California (UC) - Davis - Hoa Ki

Tap chi Giao due so 22 9 (ki i . 1/201 o)