Fundamentals and Applications of Renewable Energy

Fundamentals and Applications of

Renewable Energy

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Fundamentals and Applications of

Renewable Energy

MEHMET KANOĞLU

University of Gaziantep

YUNUS A. ÇENGEL

University of Nevada, Reno

JOHN M. CIMBALA

The Pennsylvania State University

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About the Authors

Mehmet Kanoğlu is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Gaziantep.

He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and

his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from University of Nevada, Reno. His

research areas include renewable energy systems, energy efficiency, refrigeration systems,

gas liquefaction, hydrogen production and liquefaction, geothermal energy, and cogeneration.

He is the author or coauthor of dozens of journal and conference papers.

Dr. Kanoğlu has taught courses at University of Nevada, Reno, University of Ontario

Institute of Technology, American University of Sharjah, and University of Gaziantep.

He is the coauthor of the books Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (9th ed.,

McGraw-Hill, 2019), Refrigeration Systems and Applications (2nd ed., Wiley, 2010), and

Efficiency Evaluation of Energy Systems (Springer, 2012).

Dr. Kanoğlu has served as an instructor in certified energy manager training programs

and as an expert for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for renewable

energy and energy efficiency projects. He instructed numerous training courses and gave

lectures and presentations on renewable energy systems and energy efficiency. He has also

served as advisor for state research funding organizations and industrial companies.

Yunus A. Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of

Nevada, Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical

University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State

University. His areas of interest are renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy policies,

heat transfer enhancement, and engineering education. He served as the director of the

Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000.

He has led teams of engineering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern

Nevada and California to perform industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conser￾vation, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. He has also

served as an advisor for various government organizations and corporations.

Dr. Çengel is also the author or coauthor of the widely adopted textbooks Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach (9th ed., 2019), Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and

Applications (6th ed., 2020), Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (4th ed.,

2018), Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (5th ed., 2017), and Differential Equations

for Engineers and Scientists (2013), all published by McGraw-Hill Education. Some of his

textbooks have been translated into Chinese (long and short forms), Japanese, Korean,

Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish, Greek, Tai, and Basq.

Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the

ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in authorship in 1992 and

again in 2000. Dr. Çengel is a registered professional engineer in the State of Nevada, and

is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American

Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).

John M. Cimbala is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University

(Penn State), University Park, P.A. He received his B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Penn

State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology (CalTech).

He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from CalTech in 1984. His research areas include

experimental and computational fluid mechanics and heat transfer, turbulence, turbulence

modeling, turbomachinery, indoor air quality, and air pollution control. Professor Cimbala

completed sabbatical leaves at NASA Langley Research Center (1993–1994), where he

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advanced his knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and at Weir American

Hydro (2010–2011), where he performed CFD analyses to assist in the design of hydro

turbines.

Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of four other textbooks: Indoor Air Quality Engineering:

Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants (2003), published by Marcel-Dekker,

Inc.; Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (4th ed., 2018), Essentials of Fluid

Mechanics (2008); and Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (5th ed., 2017), all pub￾lished by McGraw-Hill Education. He has also contributed to parts of other books, and is

the author or coauthor of dozens of journal and conference papers. He has also recently

ventured into writing novels. More information can be found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala.

Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards and views his

book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a member and Fellow of the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He is also a member of the American

Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and the American Physical Society (APS).

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vii

Contents

Preface xi

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Renewable Energy 1

1-1 Why Renewable Energy? 1

Consequences of Fossil Fuel Combustion 5

Renewable Energy Sources 7

1-2 Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy 9

Coal 9

Oil 11

Natural Gas 12

Nuclear Energy 13

Electricity 15

References 15

Problems 15

CHAPTER 2

A Review of Thermal Sciences 19

2-1 Thermal Sciences 19

2-2 Thermodynamics 19

Heat and Other Forms of Energy 20

Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids,

and Solids 21

Energy Transfer 23

The First Law of Thermodynamics 24

Energy Balance for Closed Systems 25

Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 25

Saturation Temperature and Saturation

Pressure 27

2-3 Heat Transfer 29

Conduction Heat Transfer 29

Thermal Conductivity 31

Convection Heat Transfer 35

Radiation Heat Transfer 37

2-4 Fluid Mechanics 41

Viscosity 42

Pressure Drop in Fluid Flow in Pipes 44

2-5 Thermochemistry 49

Fuels and Combustion 49

Theoretical and Actual Combustion

Processes 51

Enthalpy of Formation and Enthalpy of

Combustion 52

First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems 55

2-6 Heat Engines and Power Plants 58

Thermal Efficiency 60

Overall Plant Efficiency 62

2-7 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 63

References 65

Problems 65

CHAPTER 3

Fundamentals of Solar Energy 77

3-1 Introduction 77

3-2 Radiation Fundamentals 77

Blackbody Radiation 80

3-3 Radiative Properties 84

Emissivity 85

Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and

Transmissivity 85

The Greenhouse Effect 88

3-4 Solar Radiation 89

3-5 Solar Data 96

References 99

Problems 99

CHAPTER 4

Solar Energy Applications 105

4-1 Introduction 105

4-2 Flat-Plate Solar Collector 106

4-3 Concentrating Solar Collector 111

4-4 Solar-Power-Tower Plant 114

4-5 Solar Pond 117

4-6 Photovoltaic Cell 118

4-7 Passive Solar Applications 123

Trombe Wall 124

Solar Heat Gain through Windows 124

References 131

Problems 131

CHAPTER 5

Wind Energy 139

5-1 Introduction 139

5-2 Wind Turbine Types and Power Performance

Curve 140

5-3 Wind Power Potential 143

5-4 Wind Power Density 145

5-5 Wind Turbine Efficiency 147

Betz Limit for Wind Turbine Efficiency 148

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viii Contents

5-6 Considerations in Wind Power

Applications 153

References 157

Problems 158

CHAPTER 6

Hydropower 163

6-1 Introduction 163

6-2 Analysis of a Hydroelectric Power

Plant 165

6-3 Impulse Turbines 173

6-4 Reaction Turbines 177

6-5 Turbine Specific Speed 185

6-6 Run-of-River Plants and

Waterwheels 186

References 189

Problems 189

CHAPTER 7

Geothermal Energy 195

7-1 Introduction 195

7-2 Geothermal Applications 197

7-3 Geothermal Heating 198

Degree-Day Method for Annual Energy

Consumption 200

7-4 Geothermal Cooling 205

Absorption Cooling System 205

7-5 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems 208

Heat Pump Systems 209

Ground-Source Heat Pump

Systems 210

7-6 Geothermal Power Production 215

7-7 Geothermal Cogeneration 226

References 230

Problems 230

CHAPTER 8

Biomass Energy 243

8-1 Introduction 243

8-2 Biomass Resources 243

8-3 Conversion of Biomass to

Biofuel 244

8-4 Biomass Products 245

Ethanol 245

Biodiesel 246

Methanol 246

Pyrolysis Oil 247

Biogas 247

Producer Gas 248

Synthesis Gas 248

8-5 Electricity and Heat Production by

Biomass 249

8-6 Solid Municipality Waste 250

References 255

Problems 255

CHAPTER 9

Ocean Energy 261

9-1 Introduction 261

9-2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 261

9-3 Wave Energy 265

Power Production from Waves 266

Wave Power Technologies 270

9-4 Tidal Energy 272

References 277

Problems 277

CHAPTER 10

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 281

10-1 Hydrogen: An Energy Carrier 281

10-2 Fuel Cells 286

Thermodynamic Analysis of

Fuel Cells 289

References 297

Problems 297

CHAPTER 11

Economics of Renewable Energy 301

11-1 Engineering Economics 301

11-2 The Time Value of Money 302

Effect of Inflation and Taxation on Interest

Rate 305

11-3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 306

Cost-Benefit Analysis 306

Unit Product Cost 309

Comparison of Projects Based on

Life Cycle Cost Analysis 309

11-4 Payback Period Analysis 311

References 313

Problems 313

CHAPTER 12

Energy and the Environment 319

12-1 Introduction 319

12-2 Air Pollutants 321

Particulate Matter 324

Sulfur Dioxide 325

Nitrogen Oxides 329

Hydrocarbons 331

Carbon Monoxide 332

Ozone, Smog, and Acid

Rain 333

12-3 Emissions from Automobiles 336

Catalytic Converters 339

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Contents ix

12-4 The Greenhouse Effect 342

CO2

Production 344

12-5 Stratospheric Ozone

Depletion 350

12-6 Nuclear Waste 351

References 352

Problems 353

APPENDIX 1

Property Tables (SI Units) 359

APPENDIX 2

Property Tables (English Units) 371

INDEX 385

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xi

Preface

BACKGROUND

The concern over the depletion of fossil fuels and pollutant and greenhouse emissions

associated by their combustion can be tackled by essentially two methods: (1) using

renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels; (2) implementing energy efficiency prac￾tices in all aspects of energy production, distribution, and consumption so that less fuel is

used while obtaining the same useful output. Energy efficiency can only reduce fossil fuel

use while renewable energy can directly replace fossil fuels. The main renewable energy

sources include solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass. Wave and tidal energies

are also renewable sources but they are currently not economical and the technologies are

still in the developmental stage.

ABOUT THE BOOK

The study of renewable energy typically involves many different sciences including ther￾modynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, geophysics, and chemistry. In this textbook,

the primary emphasis is on thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics aspects of

renewable energy systems and applications. This book provides an overview of common

systems and applications for renewable energy sources. Systems are described and their

fundamental analyses are provided.

The importance of renewable energy is relatively well-understood and there are

numerous books written on the subject. However, most of these books are concentrated

on providing general information and practical guidance for practicing engineers and the

public, and most books are not suitable as a textbook for classroom use. This book is pri￾marily intended as a textbook for an upper level undergraduate textbook for all relevant

engineering majors. It may also be used as a convenient reference book for engineers,

researchers, policy makers, and anyone else interested in the subject. This book provides

insight into both the scientific foundations and the engineering practice of renewable

energy systems. The thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and thermochem￾istry background needed for the study of renewable energy is readily provided and thus

the need for prerequisite courses is greatly minimized. This allows the use of this book for

a variety of engineering majors since not all students may have backgrounds related to all

thermal science courses. The book features both technical and economic analyses of renew￾able systems. It contains numerous practical examples and end-of-chapter problems and

concept questions as well as multiple-choice questions.

OVERVIEW OF TOPICS

The first chapter covers the general energy picture of the world, a brief introduction to

renewable energy systems, and a discussion of various fossil fuels. Chapter 2 provides a com￾prehensive review of thermal-fluid sciences needed for studying renewable energy systems

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xii Preface

including thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, thermochemistry, power plants,

and refrigeration systems. Chapter 3 is on fundamentals of solar energy and Chap. 4 is

on solar energy systems and applications. Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 cover wind, hydro,

geothermal, biomass, and ocean (OTEC, wave, and tidal) energies, respectively. Hydrogen

is introduced as an energy carrier and the principles of fuel cells are described in Chap. 10.

Chapter 11 describes engineering economic analyses of renewable energy projects. Finally,

environmental effects of energy are covered in Chap. 12.

KEY FEATURES

•  A comprehensive review of thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics,

thermochemistry, power plants, and refrigeration systems

•  Technical and economic analysis of renewable energy systems

•  Rigorous descriptions and analyses of renewable energy systems and applications

including concepts and formulations

•  Approximately 75 worked-out example problems throughout the chapters

•  Over 850 end-of-chapter problems including conceptual and multiple-choice questions

UNIT SYSTEM

In recognition of the fact that English units are still widely used in some industries, both

SI and English units are used in this text, with a primary emphasis on SI. The material in

this text can be covered using combined SI/English units or SI units alone, depending on

the preference of the instructor. The property tables in the appendices are presented in both

units.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to acknowledge with appreciation the numerous and valuable

comments, suggestions, constructive criticisms, and praise from several students and

colleagues. Special thanks go to Dr. Mehmet Fatih Orhan, Dr. Ceyhun Yilmaz, and Tuğberk

Hakan Çetin for their help in the preparation and checking of the manuscript. We would

like to express our appreciation to our family members for their continued patience, under￾standing, inspiration, and support throughout the preparation of this text.

Mehmet Kanoğlu

Yunus A. Çengel

John M. Cimbala

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Fundamentals and Applications of

Renewable Energy

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