Estimating Forest Cover Change And Forest Carbon Stock By Using Remote Sensing And Gis In Phnom Tamao Zoological Park And Wildlife Rescue Center Cambodia

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

--------------------

KHOT CHESDA

ESTIMATING FOREST COVER CHANGE AND FOREST CARBON

STOCK BY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN PHNOM

TAMAO ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND WILDLIFE RESCUE CENTER,

CAMBODIA.

MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE

Hanoi, 2018

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

--------------------

KHOT CHESDA

ESTIMATING FOREST COVER CHANGE AND FOREST CARBON

STOCK BY USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN PHNOM

TAMAO ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND WILDLIFE RESCUE CENTER,

CAMBODIA.

Major: Forest Science

Code: 8620201

MASTER THESIS IN FOREST SCIENCE

Supervisor: Dr. Manh Hung Bui

Signature:………………

Hanoi, 2018

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. i

List of Table ......................................................................................................................... vi

Abstract ............................................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1. Decline of forest resource ............................................................................................... 1

1.1.2. Deciduous forest in Cambodia ........................................................................................ 3

1.1.3. Remote Sensing, satellite imagery and GIS .................................................................... 3

1.1.4. Carbon stock and sequestrations ..................................................................................... 4

1.2. Objective ................................................................................................................................. 5

1.2.1. General objective ............................................................................................................. 5

1.2.2. Specific Objective ........................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 6

2.1. Overview about remote sensing and GIS ............................................................................... 6

2.1.1. Remote sensing and GIS in forestry sector and image classification .............................. 6

2.1.2. Land use and Land cover change studies ........................................................................ 7

2.2. General information about carbon stock ............................................................................... 10

2.2.1. Methods for assessment of above-ground biomass and carbon estimations ................. 11

2.2.2. Ground-based forest inventory method ........................................................................ 11

2.3. Theories and definition ......................................................................................................... 12

2.3.1. Land use and land cover (LULC) change ..................................................................... 12

2.3.2. Land Cover .................................................................................................................... 12

2.3.3. Land use ........................................................................................................................ 12

2.3.4. Natural Forest ................................................................................................................ 12

2.3.5. Change detection ........................................................................................................... 13

2.3.6. Aboveground biomass ................................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER III: METHOD AND MATERIALS ............................................................. 14

3.1. Study Area ............................................................................................................................ 14

3.1.1. Vegetation ..................................................................................................................... 15

3.2. Materials ............................................................................................................................... 17

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3.2.1. Tools .............................................................................................................................. 17

The study materials used in this study, are listed in Table 1 ................................................... 17

3.2.2. Software......................................................................................................................... 17

3.3. Data collection ...................................................................................................................... 18

3.3.1. Image Acquisition and Pre-processing .......................................................................... 18

3.3.2. Data Collection (Fieldwork) .......................................................................................... 19

3.3.3. Assessment of Forest Carbon stock ............................................................................... 20

3.3.3.1. Plot establishment method .......................................................................................... 20

3.3.3.2. Tree data collection .................................................................................................... 21

3.4. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 24

3.4.1. Tool and Computer software was used for data analysis .............................................. 24

3.4.2. Image processing ........................................................................................................... 25

3.4.3. Allometric equation and Carbon stock estimation ........................................................ 29

3.4.4. Stand information .......................................................................................................... 32

3.4.5. Descriptive statistics for height and diameter variables ................................................ 33

3.4.6. Pearson correlation ........................................................................................................ 34

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................. 38

4.1. Land use Land cover (LULC) classes of Phnom Tamao Zoological .................................... 38

4.1.1. Forest status assessment in PTWRC ............................................................................. 38

4.1.1.1. Forest cover analysis of PTWRC in 2017 .................................................................. 38

4.1.1.2. Forest cover analysis of PTWRC in 2013 .................................................................. 39

4.1.1.3. Forest cover analysis of PTWRC in 2007 .................................................................. 40

4.1.1.4. Forest cover analysis of PTWRC 2001 ...................................................................... 41

4.1.1.5. Forest cover analysis of PTWRC 1997 ...................................................................... 42

4.1.2. Spatial forest cover change evaluation .......................................................................... 44

4.1.2.1. Forest cover conversion of PTWRC from 1997 to 2001 ............................................ 44

4.1.2.2. Forest cover conversion of PTWRC from 2001 to 2007 ............................................ 45

4.1.2.3. Forest cover conversion of PTWRC from 2007 to 2013 ............................................ 47

4.1.2.4. Forest cover conversion of PTWRC from 2013 to 2017 ............................................ 48

4.1.2.5. Forest cover conversion of PTWRC from 1997 to 2017 ............................................ 49

4.1.3. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) proportions of PTWRC 2017 ...................................... 50

4.1.4. Accuracy assessment of the LULC map for 2017 of PTWRC ...................................... 51

4.2. Above-ground Biomass and Carbon stock ........................................................................... 52

4.2.1. Dominant tree species ................................................................................................... 52

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4.2.2. Tree density ................................................................................................................... 54

4.2.3. Distribution of diameter classes .................................................................................... 57

4.2.4. Aboveground tree biomass and Carbon stock ............................................................... 58

4.2.5. Correlation and Carbon stock map ................................................................................ 60

4.3. Discussion on spatial pattern of forest cover change and carbon stock ................................ 63

4.4. Propose solution and recommendation for sustainable forest management ......................... 64

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION......................................................................................... 66

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. 68

REFERENCE ..................................................................................................................... 69

APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 75

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LIST of figure

Figure 1: Study area map .................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2: Photograph showing the LULC of PTWRC ........................................................ 16

Figure 3: Tool for assess this research study ...................................................................... 17

Figure 4: Satellite Image of the study area ......................................................................... 19

Figure 5: Landsat ETM 2007-satellite images and GPS points in the study area ............... 19

Figure 6: Plot establishment ................................................................................................ 20

Figure 7: Determining a side direction; Figure 8: Measurement distance. ....................... 21

Figure 9: Measuring plot of DBH. ...................................................................................... 22

Figure 10: Measuring height by using Blume-Leiss ; Figure 11: Measuring DBH by using

Caliper………………………………………………….. .................................................... 22

Figure 12: Measured vairable of tree. ................................................................................. 23

Figure 13: Scatter inventory plot location. ......................................................................... 24

Figure 14: Flowchart of methods, Green boxes are main steps to analyze ......................... 25

Figure 15: Flowchart of methods to calculate carbon stock and carbon stock map ........... 37

Figure 16: NDVI classified map in PTWRC in 2017 ......................................................... 39

Figure 17: Area (ha) land cover classes 2017 ..................................................................... 39

Figure 18: NDVI classified map in PTWRC in 2013 ......................................................... 40

Figure 19: Area (ha) of land cover classes 2013 ................................................................ 40

Figure 20: NDVI classified map of 2007 ........................................................................... 41

Figure 21: Area (ha) of Land cover classes in 2007 ........................................................... 41

Figure 22: NDVI classified map in 2001 ............................................................................ 42

Figure 23: Area (ha) of land cover in 2001 ......................................................................... 42

Figure 24: NDVI classified map 1997 ................................................................................ 43

Figure 25: Area (ha) of land cover 1997 ............................................................................. 43

Figure 26: Forest cover change map of PTWRC from 1997-2001 ..................................... 45

Figure 27: Chart of area conversions of PTWRC in (ha) and (%) from 1997-2001 .......... 45

Figure 28: Forest cover change map of PTWRC from 2001-2007 ..................................... 46

Figure 29: Chart of conversion area (ha) and (%) of PTWRC from 2001-2007 ................ 46

Figure 30: Forest cover change map of PTWRC from 2007-2013 ..................................... 47

Figure 31: Chart of conversion area in (ha) and (%) of PTWRC from 2007-2013 ............ 47

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Figure 32: Forest cover change map of PTWRC from 2013-2017 .................................... 48

Figure 33: Chart of conversion area in (ha) and (%) of PTWRC from 2013-2017 ............ 48

Figure 34: Forest cover change map of PTWRC from 1997-2017 .................................... 49

Figure 35: Chart of conversion area in (ha) and (%) of PTWRC from 1997-2017 ............ 49

Figure 36: The grapical shows of the PTWRC proportion for 2017 .................................. 50

Figure 37: LULC map of PTWRC in 2017 ........................................................................ 51

Figure 38: Diameter class (cm) ........................................................................................... 57

Figure 39: Height class distribution of PTWRC ................................................................. 58

Figure 40: Relationship between DBH and Height with the aboveground biomass .......... 60

Figure 41: Relationship between DBH and Height with Carbon proportion ...................... 61

Figure 42: Ralationship between ABG and carbon stock ................................................... 61

Figure 43: Carbon stock map of PTWRC in 2017 .............................................................. 62

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List of Table

Table 1: Research materials used ........................................................................................ 17

Table 2: Landsat image ....................................................................................................... 18

Table 3: Raster calculation for change detection ................................................................ 28

Table 4: Wood-specific density calue of different tree species .......................................... 30

Table 5: Descriptive analysis of the LULC ......................................................................... 38

Table 6: Land cover from 1997-2017 (ha) .......................................................................... 38

Table 7: Forest cover change detection in selected years periods in (ha) ........................... 44

Table 8: Forest cover change in percentage ........................................................................ 44

Table 9: The spatial extent of LULC after classified of PTWRC in 2017 .......................... 50

Table 10: Accuracy assessment for LULC map 2017 ........................................................ 51

Table 11: Accuracy total ..................................................................................................... 52

Table 12: List of trees species in PTWRC .......................................................................... 53

Table 13: Number of trees in plots at the PTWRC and their DBH rang ............................ 55

Table 14: Summary of decriptive statistics for DBH and H ............................................... 56

Table 15: Frequency and percentage of DBH and Height .................................................. 58

Table 16: Summary value of aboveground tree biomass, tree density and vilume of tree . 59

Table 17: Descriptive statistics of ABG, Carbon, volume, and basal area ......................... 60

Table 18: Comparision of carbon stocks in different conutries and forest type ................. 62