Essential Readings In World Politics - Second edition

Essential Readings in World Politics

SECON D EDITIO N

The Norton Series in World Politics

Jack Snyder, General Editor

Essentials of International Relations

Karen A. Mingst

From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict

Jack Snyder

Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development

Robert H. Bates

Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations

Bruce Russett and John Oneal

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics

John Mearsheimer

Lenses of Analysis

Richard Harknett

Coming soon:

Stephen Krasner on international political economy

Bahan asal darl Arklb

Negara Malaysia

Essential Readings in

World Politics

SECON D EDITIO N

EDITED BY

KARE N A . MINGST AN D JACK L . SNYDER

Copyright © 2004, 2001 by W. W. Norton 8c Company, Inc.

CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

STEPHE N M . WAL T "International Relations: One World, Many Theories" 4

JOH N LEWI S GADDI S "History, Theory, and Common Ground" 11

THUCYDIDE S "Melian Dialogue," adapted by Suresht Bald FROM Complete Writings: The

Peloponnesian War 18

IMMANUEI . KAN T "T O Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch," PROM Perpetual Peace, and

Other Essays on Politics, History, and Morals 20

WOODRO W WILSO N "The Fourteen Points," Address to the U.S. Congress,

8 January 1918 26

GEORG E R KENNA N ("X") "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" 28

JOH N LEWI S GADDI S "The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International

System" 33

v

v i CONTENT S

HAN S MORGENTHA U

JOH N MEARSHEIME R

MICHAE L W . DOYL E

ANDR E GUNDE R FRAN K

J . AN N TICKNE R

MARTH A FINNEMOR E

"A Realist Theory of International Politics" and "Political Power,"

FROM Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace 49

"Anarchy and the Struggle for Power," FROM The Tragedy of Great

Power Politics 54

"Liberalism and World Politics" 73

"The Development of Underdevelopment" 86

"Man, the State, and War: Gendered Perspectives on National Security,"

FROM Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving

Global Security 94

"Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention" 102

HEDLE Y BUL L

HAN S MORGENTHA U

IMMANUE L WALLERSTEI N

ROBER T JERVI S

"Does Order Exist in World Politics?" FROM The Anarchical Society:

A Study of Order in World Politics 120

"The Balance of Power," "Different Methods of the Balance of Power,"

and "Evaluation of the Balance of Power," FROM Politics Among Nations:

The Struggle for Power and Peace 124

"The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts

for Comparative Analysis" 130

"The Compulsive Empire" 138

STEPHE N D . KRASNE R "Sovereignty" 143

ANNE-MARI E SLAUGHTE R "The Real New World Order" 149

ROBER T I. ROTBER G "Failed States in a World of Terror" 157

SAMUE L P. HUNTINGTO N "The Clash of Civilizations?" 163

EDWARD W. SAID

GRAHA M E. FULLER

"The Clash of Ignorance" 170

"The Future of Political Islam" 173

CONTENTS VII

MARGARET G . HERMAN N

A ND JOE D. HAGA N

ROBERT JERVIS

CYNTHIA ENLOE

"International Decision Making: Leadership Matters" 182

"Hypotheses on Misperception" 189

"The Personal Is International," FROM Bananas, Beaches, and Bases:

Making Feminist Sense of International Politics 202

MICHAEL J. GLENNO N

EDWARD C. LUCK

ANNE-MARI E SLAUGHTER

IAN HUR D

MARGARET E. KEC K AN D

KATHRYN SIKKINK

SAMANTHA POWER

HENRY A. KISSINGER

KENNETH ROTH

G. JOHN IKENBERRY

JOHN J. MEARSHEIMER

"Why the Security Council Failed" 208

Responses 219

"Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics:

Introduction" and "Human Rights Advocacy Networks in Latin

America," FROM Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in

International Politics 222

"Bystanders to Genocide: Why the United States Let the

Rwandan Tragedy Happen" 233

"The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction" 253

"The Case for Universal Jurisdiction" 258

"Is American Multilateralism in Decline?" 262

"The False Promise of International Institutions" 283

Viii CONTENT S

CARL VON CLAUSEWITZ

THOMAS C SCHELLING

ROBERT JERVIS

SCOTT D. SAGAN AND

KENNETH N. WALTZ

JOHN MUELLER

MICHAEL W. DOYLE

BARRY R. POSEN

AUDREY KURT H CRONIN

ROBERT A. PAPE

"War as an Instrument of Policy," FRO M On War 297

"The Diplomacy of Violence," FRO M Arms and Influence 301

"Cooperation under the Security Dilemma" 309

"Indian and Pakistani Nuclear Weapons: For Better or Worse?"

FROM The Spread of Nuclear Weapons 322

"The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons: Stability in the

Postwar World" 341

"International Intervention," FROM Ways of War and Peace 347

"The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict" 357

"Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism" 367

"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism" 382

ROBERT GILPIN

STEPHEN D. KRASNER

BRUCE R. SCOTT

JESSICA EINHORN

JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ

"The Nature of Political Economy," FROM U.S. Power and the

Multinational Corporation 403

"State Power and the Structure of International Trade" 410

"The Great Divide in the Global Village" 421

"The World Bank's Mission Creep" 430

"The Way Ahead," FROM Globalization and Its Discontents 437

DAVID HELD AND

ANTHON Y MCGREW , WITH

DAVID GOLDBLATT AN D

JONATHAN PERRATON

THOMAS FRIEDMAN

AMARTYA SEN

"Globalization" 462

"The Backlash" FROM The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding

Globalization 471

"Universal Truths: Human Rights and the Westernizing Illusion" 477

PREFACE

This reader is a quintessential collaborative effort between the two co-editors

and Ann Marcy of W. W. Norton. In a flurry of e-mails during 2003, the co￾editors suggested articles for inclusion, traced the sources, and rejected or ac￾cepted them, defending choices to skeptical colleagues. It became apparent

during the process that the co-editors, while both international relations schol￾ars, read very different literatures. This book represents a product of that collab￾orative process and is all the better for the differences.

The articles have been selected to meet several criteria. First, the collection is

designed to augment and amplify the core Essentials of International Relations

text (third edition) by Karen Mingst. The chapters in this book follow those in

the text. Second, the selections are purposefully eclectic, that is, key theoretical

articles are paired with contemporary pieces found in the popular literature.

When possible articles have been chosen to reflect diverse theoretical perspec￾tives and policy viewpoints. The articles are also both readable and engaging to

undergraduates. The co-editors struggled to maintain the integrity of the chal￾lenging pieces, while making them accessible to undergraduates at a variety of

colleges and universities.

Special thanks go to those individuals who provided reviews of the first edi￾tion of this book and offered their own suggestions and reflections based on

teaching experience, Our product benefited greatly from these evaluations, al￾though had we included all the suggestions, the book would have been thou￾sands of pages! Ann Marcy orchestrated the process, reacting to our suggestions,

mediating our differences, and keeping us "on task." To her, we owe a special

thanks. Andrea Haver guided the manuscript through the permissions and edit￾ing process, a very labor-intensive task.

Essential Readings in World Politics

SECON D EDITIO N

APPROACHES

In Essentials of International Relations, Karen Mingst introduces various theories

and approaches used to study international relations. In this section, Stephen Walt,

a professor of international relations at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government,

provides a brief overview of these theories and sets them in the context of new is￾sues that are being debated in the field. The scholars thinking about international

relations and debating these issues are divided by both theoretical and method￾ological differences. Recognizing these divisions in a symposium on history and

theory in a special issue of International Security, John Lewis Gaddis, a promi￾nent diplomatic historian at Yale University, acknowledges that historians pay too

little attention to methodology but chastises political scientists for using methods

that overgeneralize by searching for timeless laws of politics. Finding common

ground between these divergent approaches, he argues that students of politics

should use the past not to try to predict the future, but to help people understand

political developments as they unfold.

Both historical analysis and philosophical discourse contribute to the study of

international relations. The historian of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides, uses

the Melian Dialogue. In this classic realist/idealist dilemma, the leaders of Melos

ponder the fate of the island, deciding whether to fight their antagonists, the Athe￾nians, or to rely on the gods and the enemy of Athens, the Lacedaemonians (also

known as Spartans), for their safety. Centuries later, in 1795, the philosopher Im￾manuel Kant posited that a group of republican states with representative forms of

government that were accountable to their citizens would be able to form an efec￾tive league of peace. That observation has generated a plethora of theoretical and

empirical research known as the democratic peace debate. In Essentials, Mingst

uses the debate to illustrate how political scientists conduct international relations

research. Michael Doyle's article on "Liberalism and World Politics," excerpted in

Chapter 3, sparked the contemporary debate on this topic. And an important

statement on the status of that debate is presented in Bruce Russett and John

Oneal's Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International

Organizations (2002) which integrates a comprehensive body of research findings

on the democratic debate.

4 CHAPTE R 1 APPROACHE S

STEPHE N M . WAL T

International Relations: One World,

Many Theories

W

hy should policymakers and practition￾ers care about the scholarly study of in￾ternational affairs? Those who conduct

foreign policy often dismiss academic theorists (fre￾quently, one must admit, with good reason), but

there is an inescapable link between the abstract

world of theory and the real world of policy. We

need theories to make sense of the blizzard of infor￾mation that bombards us daily. Even policymakers

who are contemptuous of "theory" must rely on

their own (often unstated) ideas about how the

world works in order to decide what to do. It is hard

to make good policy if one's basic organizing princi￾ples are flawed, just as it is hard to construct good

theories without knowing a lot about the real world.

Everyone uses theories—whether he or she knows it

or not—and disagreements about policy usually rest

on more fundamental disagreements about the ba￾sic forces that shape international outcomes.

Take, for example, the current debate on

how to respond to China. From one perspective,

China's ascent is the latest example of the tendency

for rising powers to alter the global balance of

power in potentially dangerous ways, especially as

their growing influence makes them more ambi￾tious. From another perspective, the key to China's

future conduct is whether its behavior will be

modified by its integration into world markets and

by the (inevitable?) spread of democratic princi￾ples. From yet another viewpoint, relations be￾tween China and the rest of the world will be

shaped by issues of culture and identity: Will

China see itself (and be seen by others) as a normal

member of the world community or a singular so￾ciety that deserves special treatment?

From Foreign Policy, no, 110 (spring 1998): 29-44.

In the same way, the debate over NATO expan￾sion looks different depending on which theory

one employs. From a "realist" perspective, NATO

expansion is an effort to extend Western influ￾ence—well beyond the traditional sphere of U.S.

vital interests—during a period of Russian weak￾ness and is likely to provoke a harsh response from

Moscow. From a liberal perspective, however, ex￾pansion will reinforce the nascent democracies of

Central Europe and extend NATO's conflict￾management mechanisms to a potentially turbu￾lent region. A third view might stress the value of

incorporating the Czech Republic, Hungary, and

Poland within the Western security community,

whose members share a common identity that has

made war largely unthinkable.

No single approach can capture all the com￾plexity of contemporary world politics. Therefore,

we are better off with a diverse array of competing

ideas rather than a single theoretical orthodoxy.

Competition between theories helps reveal their

strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent re￾finements, while revealing flaws in conventional

wisdom. Although we should take care to em￾phasize inventiveness over invective, we should

welcome and encourage the heterogeneity of con￾temporary scholarship,

Where Are We Coming From?

The study of international affairs is best under￾stood as a protracted competition between the

realist, liberal, and radical traditions. Realism em￾phasizes the enduring propensity for conflict be￾tween states; liberalism identifies several ways to

mitigate these conflictive tendencies; and the radi￾cal tradition describes how the entire system of

siM'itt'N M . WAIT : International Relations 5