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Environmental science and technology: concepts and applications
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Mô tả chi tiết
ENVIRONMENTA L SCIENC E
A N D TECHNOLOG Y
Concepts and Applications
Second Edition
Frank R. Spellman
Nancy E. Whiting
Government Institutes
An imprint of
The Scarecrõvv Press, Inc.
Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxíord
2006
Government
Institutes
Published in the United States of America
by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrovv Press, Inc.
A vvholly owned subsidiary of
The Rovvman & Littleíield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200
Lanham, Maryland 20706
http:/ / govinst.scarecrowpress.com
PO Box 317
Oxíord
OX2 9RU, UK
Copyright © 2006 by Government Institutes
AU rights reserved. No part oi this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or othenvise,
vvithout the prior permission oi the publisher.
The reader should nót rely ôn this publication to address speciíic questions thát apply to a particular
sét oi facts. The author and the publisher make no representation or vvarranty, express or implied,
as to the completeness, correctness, or utility of the iníormation in this publication. In addition, the
author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind vvhatsoever resulting from the use of or
reliance upon the contents of this book.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Iníormation Available
Library of Congress Catalogỉng-in-Publication Data
Spellman, Frank R.
Environmental science and technology : concepts and applications / Frank R. Spellman,
Nancy E. VVhiting.—2nd ed.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical reíerences and index.
ĨSBN 0-86587-017-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Ì. Environmental sciences. 2. Green technology. 3. Ecological engineering. ì. VVhiting,
NancyE^ li. Title.
GE105.S73 2006
628—dc22 2005025915
© ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of America Papẽ Manuíacture r fonr Pnnte Nationa d indthleLibrar Standar UniteydMaterials dStateforsIníormatio o,f ANSI/NIS American Sciences—Permanẽnc . O Z39.48-1992. e of
To
Rachel Morgan Spellman
and
Wilson Bates Whiting
and
Katherine Grace Whiting
Hopeỷully, when Ít comes to our environment,
you mũi be good stemards.
Content s
Preíace to Second Edition XV
Part ì: Introduction: Fundamentals—Energy, Materials Balance, and
Units oi Measurement Ì
Ì Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection 3
Introduction 4
What Is Environmental Science? 5
Terminology 7
Science and Environmental Science 10
Case Study 1.1: Salmon and the Rachel River lũ
Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection 14
Case Study Ì .2: Passenger Pigeons, Heath Hens, and Attwater's
Prairie Chicken 16
Case Study 1.3: The Amish and LancasterCounty, Pennsylvania 20
VVhen Properly Connected, Science and Technology Offer Solutions 23
Case Study 1.4: Transnational Corporations and Environmental
Pollution 24
2 Environmental Science: The Fundamentals 27
Introđuction 28
Biogeochemical Cycles 28
Carbon Cycle 30
Nitrogen Cycle 31
Phosphorus Cycle 32
Sulíur Cycle 32
Energy Flow through an Ecosystem and the Biosphere 33
Materials Balance 34
Energy Flow in the Biosphere 36
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem 36
Units oi Measurement 38
Units of Mass 40
Units of Length 41
Units of Volume 42
Units of Temperature 42
Units oi Pressure 43
Units Often Used in Environmental Studies 43
vi / Contents
3 Environmental Chemistry 47
Introduction 49
What Is Chemistry? 49
Elements and Compounds 50
Classiíication of Elements 51
Physical and Chemical Changes 51
The Structure oi the Atom 52
Periodic Classiíication of the Elements 53
Molecules and Ions 54
Chemical Bonding 54
Chemical Formulas and Equations 55
Molecular YVeights, Formulas, and the Mole 55
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 56
States of Matter 57
The Gas Laws 57
Liquids and Solutions 57
Thermal Properties 58
Speciíic Heat 59
Acid + Bases =» Salts 59
pH Scale 60
Organic Chemistry 61
Organic Compounds 62
Hydrocarbons 63
Environmental Chemistry 63
VVater Chemistry Fundamentals 64
Earth's Atmosphere: "A Flask without VValls" 85
Soil Chemistry 102
4 Environmental Biology 123
Introduction 126
Microbiology 126
Classiíỉcation 127
The Cell 128
Cell Structure 129
Bacteria 130
How Well Do We Know Bacteria? 131
Shapes, Forms, 81768, and Arrangements oi Bacterial Cells 131
Bacterial Cell Suríace Structures and Cell Inclusions 132
Chemical Composition 136
Metabolism 136
Classiíication 137
Viruses 138
Bacteriophage 138
Fungi 139
Classiíication Ị 40
Identiíication 140
Cultivation of Fungi 142
Reproduction 142 Nutrition and Metabolism 144
Contents / vii
Algae 144
Deíỉnition of Terminology 144
Algae—Description 145
Characteristics Used in Classiíying Algae 145
Algal Cell Wall 146
Chlorophyll 147
Motility 147
Algal Nutrition 147
Algal Reproduction 147
Characteristics of Algal Divisions 147
Chlorophyta (Green Algae) 147
Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) 148
Chrysophyta (Golden Brown Algae) 148
Phaeophỹta (Brown Algae) 149
Rhodophyta (Dionílagellates) 149
Case Study 4.1: Airborne Particulate Matter 149
Protozoa and Other Microorganisms 150
Case Study 4.2: Activated Biosolids Process (Wastewater Treatment) 152
Enzymes 158
Nature of Enzymes 159
Action of Enzymes 160
Effkiency, Speciíicity, and Classiíìcation oi Enzymes 160
Affect of Environment ôn Enzyme Activity 160
Metabolic Transíormations 164
General Metabolism 164
Glycolysis 167
Krebs Cycle 167
Electron Transport System (ETS) 168
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Metabolism 170
Microbial Nutrition 170
Nutrition 171
Bacterial Growth 172
Bacterial Grovvth Curve 172
Temperature 174
pH 176
VVater Availability 177
Oxygen 178
Pathogenicity 178
Causal Factors for Transmission of Disease 180
Case Study 4.3: First Gulf War and VVater Treatment 182
Parasites and Pathogens 184
Control of Disease 185
Case Study 4.4: West Nile Virus 185
Environmental Toxicology 189
Introduction 190
Dose-Response 191
Environmental Toxicology: Practical Applications 193
Case Study 5.1: Biotic Index 194