Environmental monitoring

Environmental

Monitoring

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CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Environmental

Monitoring

Edited by

G. Bruce Wiersma

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material

is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable

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International Standard Book Number 1-56670-641-6

Library of Congress Card Number 2003065879

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Environmental monitoring / edited by G. Bruce Wiersma.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56670-641-6 (alk. paper)

1. Environmental monitoring. I. Wiersma, G. B.

QH541.15.M64E584 2004

363.73'63—dc22 2003065879

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Preface

When I first entered the field of environmental monitoring 33 years ago as a new

employee of a then very new U.S. federal agency called the Environmental Protection

Agency, our efforts were concentrated on primarily chasing pollutant residues in the

environment. Eight years later when I founded the international journal Environ￾mental Monitoring and Assessment that was still certainly the case.

However, over the intervening years, while the importance of tracking and assess￾ing chemical residues in the environment still remains, the concept of environmental

monitoring has broadened to monitoring and assessment of the endpoints of envi￾ronmental pollution. Environmental monitoring systems now look far beyond only

measuring chemical residues in the environment to identifying and measuring the

biological endpoints that more directly reflect the effect of human action rather than

just the signature of human action.

The scope of environmental monitoring systems now encompasses landscape￾scale monitoring networks, multimedia approaches, and far more biological indica￾tors of environmental impact than were ever employed 20 or more years ago. In my

opinion all these trends and changes are for the good and in the right direction.

Techniques and approaches are rapidly changing as well as the conceptual thinking

used to design monitoring networks. For example, geostatistics were not widely applied

20 years ago, but they are commonly used today. Single media sampling programs

used to be the norm 20 or more years ago, but today it is far easier to find monitoring

programs that are multimedia in nature than are single media—as witnessed by the

makeup of this book. I found it much easier to recruit authors dealing with ecological

monitoring indicators, geostatistics, multimedia assessment programs, etc. than to iden￾tify authors who were working in the more traditional areas of air-, soil-, and water￾sampling programs.

It was my intent, while thinking about the development of this book, to try to pull

together a collection of articles that would represent the latest thinking in the rapidly

changing field of environmental monitoring. I reviewed the current literature (within

the last 5 years) for papers that I thought represented the latest thinking in monitoring

technology. I then contacted these authors and asked them if they would be interested

in writing a new paper based upon their current research and thinking. I also believed

that the book needed a few chapters on major monitoring networks to show both the

practical application aspects under field conditions as well as to provide some descrip￾tion of how current environmental monitoring systems are designed and operated.

I have been extremely gratified by the positive and enthusiastic response that I

have received from the authors I contacted. My original letters of inquiry went out

to over 50 authors, and 45 of them responded positively. Eventually that number

was pared down to the 32 chapters that make up this book. I want to thank all the

authors for their contributions.

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About the Editor

Dr. Wiersma has been involved with environmental monitoring activities for almost

35 years. He began his career with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency where

he managed all the agency’s national pesticides monitoring programs for 4 years.

He then transferred to the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory of the

USEPA in Las Vegas, Nevada where he worked on the development of advanced

monitoring techniques for the next 6 years.

In 1980 Dr. Wiersma transferred to the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.

There he helped set up their environmental sciences, geosciences, and biotechnology

groups, eventually establishing and directing the Center for Environmental Moni￾toring and Assessment. In 1990 Dr. Wiersma became Dean of the College of Forest

Resources at the University of Maine and currently is Dean of the College of Natural

Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture and Professor of Forest Resources. His current

research interest is focused on studying the impacts of atmospheric deposition on

northern forests. One recent Ph.D. study was on the efficacy of the U.S. Forest

Service’s forest health monitoring indicators.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research

Council Committee on a Systems Assessment of Marine Environmental Monitoring

that resulted in the publication in 1990 of the book Managing Troubled Waters: The

Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring, and was Chair of the National Academy

of Sciences/ National Research Council Committee Study on Environmental Data￾base Interfaces that resulted in the publication in 1995 of the book Finding the Forest

in the Trees: The Challenge of Combining Diverse Environmental Data.

Dr. Wiersma has written more than 130 scientific papers and has been the

managing editor of the international peer-reviewed journal Environmental Monitor￾ing and Assessment for 25 years.

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Contributors

Debra Bailey

agroscope

FAL Reckenholz

Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture

Zurich, Switzerland

Roger Blair

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Corvallis, Oregon

David Bolgrien

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Duluth, Minnesota

M. Patricia Bradley

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

Environmental Science Center

Meade, Maryland

Barbara Brown

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Norragansett, Rhode Island

Thamas Brydges

Brampton, Ontario

Canada

Giorgio Brunialti

DIPTERIS

University of Genova

Genova, Italy

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Dale A. Bruns

Pennsylvania GIS Consortium

College of Science and Engineering

Wilkes University

Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Joanna Burger

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute

Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation,

and Division of Life Sciences

Rutgers University

Piscataway, New Jersey

Janet M. Carey

School of Botany

University of Melbourne

Victoria, Australia

Vincent Carignan

Institut des sciences de l’environnement

Université due Québec à Montréal

Montréal, Québec, Canada

Charissa J. Chou

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Richland, Washington

Mary C. Christman

Biometrics Program

Department of Animal and Avian Sciences

University of Maryland

College Park, Maryland

William D. Constant

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Louisiana State University

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Susan M. Cormier

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Cincinnati, Ohio

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Joseph Dlugosz

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Duluth, Minnesota

Janet D. Eckhoff

National Park Service

Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield

Republic, Missouri

J. Alexander Elvir

College of Natural Science, Forestry and Agriculture

University of Maine, Orono

Marco Ferretti

LINNAEA

Firenze, Italy

Paolo Giordani

DIPTERIS

University of Genova

Genova, Italy

Michael Gochfeld

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute

Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation,

and Division of Life Sciences

Rutgers University

Piscataway, New Jersey

James T. Gunter

University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma

Richard Haeuber

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, D.C.

Stephen Hale

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Narragansett, Rhode Island

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David Michael Hamby

Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics

Oregon State University

Corvallis, Oregon

Steven Hedtke

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Daniel Heggem

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Las Vegas, Nevada

Felix Herzog

agroscope

FAL Reckenholz

Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture

Zurich, Switzerland

Paul F. Hudak

Department of Geography and Environmental Science Program

University of North Texas

Denton, Texas

Laura Jackson

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

K. Bruce Jones

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Romualdas Juknys

Department of Environmental Sciences

Vytautas Magnum University

Kaunas, Lithuania

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I. Kalikhman

Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory

Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd.

Haifa, Israel

Albert Köhler

Worms, Germany

Michael Kolian

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Clean Air Markets

Washington, D.C.

Frederick W. Kutz

Consultant in Environmental Science

Columbia, Maryland

Mandy M.J. Lane

Center for Ecology & Hydrology

Natural Environmental Research Council

Cumbria, United Kingdom

Barbara Levinson

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Center for Environmental Research

Washington, D.C.

Yu-Pin Lin

Department of Landscape Architecture

Chinese Culture University

Taipei, Taiwan

Rick Linthurst

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

Office of Inspector General

Washington, D.C.

Michael E. McDonald

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

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Jay J. Messer

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Jaroslav Mohapl

Waterloo

Canada

Karen R. Obenshain

Keller and Heckman LLP

Washington, D.C.

Anthony Olsen

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Corvallis, Oregon

Robert V. O’Neill

TN and Associates

Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Sharon L. Osowski

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Compliance Assurance and Enforcement Division

Office of Planning and Coordination

Dallas, Texas

John Paul

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Steven Paulsen

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory

Corvallis, Oregon

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