Environmental impacts of pasture-based farming

Environmenta l Impact s

o f Pasture-ba s

( 8 b )

www.cabi.org

ENVIRONMENTA L IMPACT S O F

PASTURE-BASE D FARMIN G

ENVIRONMENTA L IMPACT S O F

PASTURE-BASE D FARMIN G

Edited by

Richard W. McDowell

AgResearch

Invermay Agricultural Centre

Mosgiel

New Zealand

D^rTC'CThA I NGUYEN

TRUNGTBI huC LIEU

CABI is a trading name of CAB International

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©CAB International 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

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copyright owners.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. London, UK.

Environmental impacts of pasture-based farming / edited by: R.W. McDowell.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-84593-411-8 (alk. paper)

1. Pastures-Environmental aspects. 2. Grazing-Environmental aspects. I. McDowell

Richard W. II. Title.

SB199.E58 2009

636.08'45-dc22

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

2008018126

ISBN-13:978 1 84593 411 8

Typeset by SPi. Pondicherry. India.

Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Biddies Ltd, Kings Lynn.

Content s

Contributors vii

Foreword ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Parti

1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1

CAM. de Klein, C. Pinares-Patino and G.C. Waghom

2 Impacts of Pastoral Grazing on Soil Quality 3 3

S.E Cuttle

3 Land-Water Interactions: Impacts on the Aquatic 7 5

Environment

R.J. Wilcock

4 Socio-economic Issues in Pasture-based Farming 98

D. BewseU and C. Dake

Part II

5 Impact of Livestock Grazing on Extensively Managed 122

Grazing Lands

W.H. Schacht and RE. Reece

v

vi Contents

6 Environmental Effects of Sheep Farming 144

J.T. Scott and P.A. Robertson

7 Pressures on Beef Grazing in Mixed Production Farming 187

A.N. Sharpley and C. West

8 The Environmental Impacts of Non-irrigated, Pasture-based 209

Dairy Farming

R.M. Monaghan

9 Impacts of Irrigated Dairying on the Environment 232

D. Nash and K. Barlow

10 The Impact of Hybrid Dairy Systems on Air, Soil and 249

Water Quality: Focus on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling

P.J.A. Kleinman and K. Soder

Index 277