Environment, Energy, and Resources Law

2017

2017

2017

2017

2017

2017

2017

The Year in Review 2017

2017

2017

2017

2017

2017

Environment, Energy, and Resources Law

ii

ISBN: 978-1-64105-150-7

ISSN: 1946-9640

Copyright 2018 American Bar Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior

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The material contained herein does not necessarily express the views or position of the

American Bar Association, the Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, or The

University of Tulsa College of Law.

The materials contained herein represent the opinions of the authors and editors and should

not be construed to be those of either the American Bar Association or the Section of

Environment, Energy, and Resources unless adopted pursuant to the bylaws of the

Association. Nothing contained herein is to be considered as the rendering of legal advice

for specific cases, and readers are responsible for obtaining such advice from their own

legal counsel. These materials and any forms and agreements herein are intended for

educational and informational purposes only.

iii

ABA SECTION OF ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY, AND RESOURCES

2017-2018

COUNCIL

Executive Committee

Chair

JOHN E. MILNER

Chair-Elect

AMY L. EDWARDS

Vice Chair

KAREN A. MIGNONE

Secretary

JEFFERY S. DENNIS

Budget Officer

MICHELLE

DIFFENDERFER

Education Officer

WENDY BOWDEN

CROWTHER

Membership and

Diversity Officer

SEAN T. DIXON

Publications Officer

JONATHAN W. KAHN

Immediate Past Chair

SETH A. DAVIS

Section Delegates to the ABA House of Delegates

PAMELA E. BARKER and SHEILA SLOCUM HOLLIS

Council Members

NORMAN A. DUPONT PAMELA K. ELKOW PETER J. GIOELLO, JR.

SUSAN MARGARET FLOYD RICHARD J. ERICSSON IGNACIA S. MORENO

ROGER R. MARTELLA, JR. STEPHEN J. HUMES MARGARET E. PELOSO

CHANNING J. MARTIN DAVID JOHNSON LAURAN M. STURM

ANGELA R. MORRISON CHRISTINE Y. LEBEL

Special Committee on The Year in Review Co-Chairs: ERIN POTTER SULLENGER and

MARY ELLEN TERNES

Section Director: DANA JONUSAITIS

THE UNIVERSITY OF TULSA COLLEGE OF LAW

EDITORIAL BOARD

Faculty Advisor: ROBERT BUTKIN

Student Editors

Editor-in-Chief

WILLIAM BOYD

Executive Editors

TYLER EZELL MORGAN VAUGHN

Staff Editors

JARED CANNON ALI HAUSNER MORGAN SMITH

CAITLIN A. GETCHELL ROBERT HILL AARON W. WRIGHT

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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

Introduction................................................................................................................... xvii

Highlights of The Year in Review 2017...................................................................... xviii

Environmental Committees

Chapter 1 • Agricultural Management ...........................................................................1

Chapter 2 • Air Quality ..................................................................................................8

Chapter 3 • Endangered Species..................................................................................32

Chapter 4 • Environmental Disclosure.........................................................................41

Chapter 5 • Environmental Enforcement and Crimes.............................................….49

Chapter 6 • Environmental Litigation and Toxic Torts ...............................................59

Chapter 7 • Environmental Transactions and Brownfields..........................................69

Chapter 8 • Pesticides, Chemical Regulation, and Right-to-Know .............................80

Chapter 9 • Superfund and Natural Resource Damages Litigation .............................95

Chapter 10 • Waste and Resource Recovery .............................................................110

Chapter 11 • Water Quality and Wetlands.................................................................121

Energy and Resources Committees

Chapter 12 • Energy Markets and Finance ................................................................137

Chapter 13 • Energy and Natural Resources Litigation.............................................150

Chapter 14 • Energy Infrastructure, Siting, and Reliability.......................................167

Chapter 15 • Forest Resources...................................................................................176

Chapter 16 • Hydro Power.........................................................................................183

Chapter 17 • Marine Resources .................................................................................189

Chapter 18 • Mining and Mineral Extraction.............................................................205

Chapter 19 • Native American Resources..................................................................208

Chapter 20 • Nuclear Law..........................................................................................221

Chapter 21 • Oil and Gas ...........................................................................................227

Chapter 22 • Public Land and Resources...................................................................268

Chapter 23 • Renewable, Alternative, and Distributed Energy Resources................277

Chapter 24 • Water Resources...................................................................................284

Cross Practice Committees

Chapter 25 • Alternative Dispute Resolution.............................................................314

Chapter 26 • Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Ecosystems..............321

Chapter 27 • Constitutional Law................................................................................351

Chapter 28 • International Environmental and Resources Law.................................357

Chapter 29 • Science and Technology .......................................................................375

Council Related Committee

Chapter 30 • Ethics and the Profession......................................................................382

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 1

I. THE FARM BILL ............................................................................................................ 1

II. THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE....................................... 2

A. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) ..................................................................... 2

B. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)........................................... 2

III. BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................ 4

A. U.S. Regulatory Updates.................................................................................. 4

B. Gene-Edited Agricultural Products in Regulatory Limbo................................ 4

C. Litigation Expands Boundaries of Negligence ................................................. 5

D. International Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology.................................. 6

IV. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ................................................................................... 6

Chapter 2

AIR QUALITY.................................................................................................................. 8

I. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................................ 8

A. Title I—Federal & State Implementation Plans, Conformity, & Federal

Facilities........................................................................................................... 8

B. Preemption of State Law Claims & Displacement of Federal Law Claims..... 9

C. New Source Review (NSR), Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD),

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), & Title V Permitting .............. 10

D. Hazardous Air Pollutants............................................................................... 13

E. Civil & Criminal Enforcement ....................................................................... 14

F. Citizen Suits.................................................................................................... 14

G. Procedural Issues........................................................................................... 14

H. Greenhouse Gas Emissions............................................................................ 17

I. Title II—Mobile Sources & Fuels................................................................... 18

II. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................. 19

A. Title I—Federal (FIPs) and State Implementation Plans (SIPs), Conformity,

Federal Facilities............................................................................................ 19

B. New Source Review (NSR), Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD),

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and Title V Permitting ........... 20

C. Title II—Mobile Sources and Fuels................................................................ 22

D. Hazardous Air Pollutants............................................................................... 24

E. Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone ........................................................................ 28

F. Greenhouse Gas Emissions............................................................................ 29

G. Criteria Air Pollutants.................................................................................... 30

Chapter 3

ENDANGERED SPECIES ............................................................................................ 32

I. LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS.................................................................................... 32

II. ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS............................................................................ 33

III. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................................................... 35

A. Section 4: Listings, Critical Habitat Designation, and Recovery Plans........ 35

B. Section 5: Habitat Acquisition........................................................................ 37

C. Section 6: State Cooperative Programs ......................................................... 37

D. Section 7: Federal Agency Conservation Duty, Jeopardy Standard

Consultations, and Incidental Take Statements.............................................. 37

E. Section 9: Take Prohibition............................................................................ 39

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F. Section 10: Permits and Experimental Populations....................................... 40

G. Section 11: Enforcement, Citizen Suits, Standing, and Jurisdiction Issues ... 40

H. Miscellaneous ESA Topics and Related Federal and State Laws.................. 40

Chapter 4

ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE........................................................................... 41

I. GOVERNMENTAL ACTION........................................................................................... 41

A. SEC Rules and Proposals............................................................................... 41

B. ExxonMobil Climate Change Investigation and Litigation............................ 43

C. Hydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Rules......................................................... 44

II. SHAREHOLDER LITIGATION....................................................................................... 44

III. SHAREHOLDER RESOLUTIONS.................................................................................. 47

IV. NONGOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS........................................................................ 47

Chapter 5

ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMES........................................... 49

I. ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT RESULTS ............................................................... 49

II. ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT INITIATIVES ......................................................... 49

A. Reducing Air Pollution from the Largest Sources.......................................... 49

B. Cutting Hazardous Air Pollutants.................................................................. 49

C. Ensuring Energy Extraction Activities Comply with Environmental Laws.... 50

D. Reducing Pollution from Mineral Processing Operations............................. 50

E. Reducing Risks of Accidental Releases at Industrial and Chemical

Facilities......................................................................................................... 50

F. Keeping Raw Sewage and Contaminated Stormwater Out of Our Nation’s

Waters............................................................................................................. 50

G. Preventing Animal Waste from Contaminating Surface and Ground Water . 50

H. Keeping Industrial Pollutants Out of the Nation’s Waters............................. 51

III. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT CASES .......................................................................... 51

A. Criminal Cases............................................................................................... 51

B. Civil Cases...................................................................................................... 55

Chapter 6

ENVIRONMENTAL LITIGATION AND TOXIC TORTS...................................... 59

I. COMMON LAW CLAIMS .............................................................................................. 59

A. Statute of Limitations...................................................................................... 59

B. Prospective Tort ............................................................................................. 60

C. Injunctive Relief.............................................................................................. 60

D. Other Limitations............................................................................................ 60

E. Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................... 61

II. MASS TORT & GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION .................................................... 62

III. PUBLIC-ENTITY PLAINTIFFS..................................................................................... 63

A. State-Led PCB Litigation................................................................................ 63

B. Municipality-Led PCB Litigation ................................................................... 64

C. Other Public Plaintiffs.................................................................................... 64

IV. LONE PINE............................................................................................................... 65

V. PREEMPTION ............................................................................................................. 66

VI. CORPORATE OFFICER LIABILITY ............................................................................. 67

VII. MEDICAL MONITORING.......................................................................................... 68

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Chapter 7

ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSACTIONS AND BROWNFIELDS............................. 69

I. CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY .......................................................................................... 69

II. BANKRUPTCY............................................................................................................ 70

III. LENDER LIABILITY .................................................................................................. 70

IV. BROWNFIELDS LEGISLATIVE UPDATE...................................................................... 71

A. Federal Legislation......................................................................................... 71

B. State Legislation ............................................................................................. 73

V. ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE .................................................................................. 75

VI. INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS AND OTHER CONTINUING OBLIGATIONS ...................... 76

A. Private Sector Activities ................................................................................. 76

B. Federal Agency Activities............................................................................... 76

C. State Activities ................................................................................................ 77

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS/DUE DILIGENCE ............................................. 78

VIII. EFFECT OF BUILDING ISSUES ON TRANSACTIONS.................................................. 78

A. Vapor Intrusion Developments....................................................................... 78

B. Lead-Based Paint ........................................................................................... 79

C. Radon.............................................................................................................. 79

Chapter 8

PESTICIDES, CHEMICAL REGULATION, AND RIGHT-TO-KNOW ............... 80

I. TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA).............................................................. 80

A. Implementation of the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st

Century Act ..................................................................................................... 80

B. New Chemicals Program and Significant New Uses...................................... 81

C. Regulation of Existing Chemicals................................................................... 82

D. National Program Chemicals......................................................................... 84

E. Confidential Business Information ................................................................. 84

F. Reporting ........................................................................................................ 85

II. PESTICIDES AND FIFRA............................................................................................ 86

A. Endangered Species........................................................................................ 86

B. Pollinators...................................................................................................... 87

C. Inerts............................................................................................................... 87

D. Cannabis......................................................................................................... 87

E. Particular Products........................................................................................ 88

F. Pesticide Applicator Protections.................................................................... 89

G. State Preemption of Local Pesticide Ordinances........................................... 89

H. Signifcant Guidance and Science Consultation ……………………………. 89

III. BIOTECHNOLOGY..................................................................................................... 90

IV. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ....................................................................................... 91

V. NANOTECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................. 92

VI. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW (EPCRA)................ 93

VII. GREEN CHEMISTRY ................................................................................................ 93

VIII. CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION ACTION ON CHEMICALS .................. 94

Chapter 9

SUPERFUND AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES LITIGATION ............. 95

I. SUPERFUND: ADMINISTRATIVE AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS.......................... 95

II. SUPERFUND: JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS.................................................................... 96

A.-C. Constitutional Issues, Jurisdiction, and Standing ....................................... 96

D. Elements of Liability....................................................................................... 97

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E. Liability of Particular Parties........................................................................ 98

F. Private Cost Recovery .................................................................................. 100

G. Allocation and Indemnification .................................................................... 101

H. Defenses........................................................................................................ 103

I. Recoverable Response Costs (Including Attorney’s Fees)........................... 107

J. Claims against the Government, Including Section 106(b) Actions............. 108

K. Preemption.................................................................................................... 108

L. Miscellaneous............................................................................................... 109

III. NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES............................................................................ 109

Chapter 10

WASTE AND RESOURCE RECOVERY ................................................................. 110

I. LITIGATION AND ENFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENTS................................................... 110

A. D.C. Circuit Court Shrinks EPA’s ‘Sham Recycling’ Rule .......................... 110

B. Intent Not Required for RCRA Criminal Conviction.................................... 111

C. Environmental Interest Group has Standing to Challenge Chemically Treated

Utility Poles under RCRA............................................................................. 111

D. USEPA Region 6 Reaches Settlement with Macy’s for RCRA Violations.... 112

II. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................... 113

A. USEPA Developing E-Manifest System for Hazardous Waste..................... 113

B. CCR Rule and WIIN Act Implementation, Litigation, and Reconsideration 113

C. California Takes Numerous Steps to Shore Up Waste Diversion Programs 115

III. DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONIC WASTE ............................................................... 116

A. Enforcement and Litigation.......................................................................... 116

B. Federal Legislative Developments ............................................................... 117

C. State Legislative Developments.................................................................... 117

D. International Developments ......................................................................... 119

Chapter 11

WATER QUALITY AND WETLANDS .................................................................... 121

I. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................ 121

A. Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 303—Water Quality Standards................ 121

B. CWA Section 303(d)—Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs).................... 122

C. CWA Sections 304 and 306–Criteria and Guidelines, and Performance

Standards...................................................................................................... 122

D. CWA Section 309—Enforcement.................................................................. 123

E. CWA Section 401—State Certification......................................................... 124

F. CWA Section 402—National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) Permitting .................................................................................... 125

G. CWA Section 404—Wetlands........................................................................ 130

H. CWA Section 505—Citizen Suits .................................................................. 131

II. ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS.......................................................................... 133

A. CWA Section 303—Water Quality Standards .............................................. 133

B. CWA Section 303(d)—TMDLs...................................................................... 133

C. CWA Sections 304 and 306–Criteria and Guidelines, and Performance

Standards...................................................................................................... 134

D. CWA Section 309—Enforcement.................................................................. 134

E. CWA Section 401—State Certification........................................................ 134

F. CWA Section 402—NPDES Permitting........................................................ 135

G. CWA Section 404—Wetlands........................................................................ 135

III. LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................... 136

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A. CWA Section 401—State Certification......................................................... 136

B. CWA Section 402—National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES) Permitting .................................................................................... 136

C. CWA Section 505—Citizen Suits .................................................................. 136

Chapter 12

ENERGY MARKETS AND FINANCE ..................................................................... 137

I. FERC INITIATES NEW PROCEEDING AFTER CONSIDERING PROPOSED DOE GRID

RESILIENCY RULE..................................................................................................... 137

II. IMPACT OF THE TAX CUTS AND JOBS ACT ON ELECTRICITY MARKETS................... 139

III. CALIFORNIA ENERGY AND CLIMATE LAW AND POLICY UPDATE........................... 141

A. Introduction .................................................................................................. 141

B. Renewable Electricity Market ...................................................................... 141

C. 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update................................................ 143

D. Emissions Trading System (Cap and Trade)................................................ 144

E. Energy Storage Mandates and Incentives.................................................... 144

F. Zero Emission Vehicles ................................................................................ 145

IV. CALIFORNIA’S CAP AND TRADE EXTENSION LEGISLATION ................................... 146

V. KENTUCKY’S SUSPENSION OF ACTIVITY IN DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

PROGRAMS.............................................................................................................. 147

Chapter 13

ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES LITIGATION...................................... 150

I. DOMESTIC JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ...................................................................... 150

A. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals addresses objections to district court approval

of class settlements in the so-called “hot fuel” litigation. .......................... 150

B. Court finds that county ordinance prohibiting storage and permanent disposal

of wastewater was preempted by state law................................................... 152

C. Court holds that wind energy developer’s excavation work in construction of

wind turbines constituted “mining” under federal regulations applicable to

the Indian lands. ........................................................................................... 153

D. Court addresses dispute over whether a binding contract to sell oil and gas

properties was formed as a result of e-mail negotiations and

communications. ........................................................................................... 155

E. Widely-followed rulings of the Bankruptcy Court in In re Sabine Oil & Gas

Corp., allowing the debtor to reject midstream services contracts, are

affirmed by the district court. ....................................................................... 160

F. Court resolves venue issues of lawsuit relating to injection wells permitted by

the Texas Railroad Commission. ................................................................. 160

G. Court finds that the transportation of liquid propane is not an ultrahazardous

activity for purposes of strict liability........................................................... 161

H. Court affirms dismissal with prejudice of plaintiffs’ suit against operator of

horizontal well for alleged damages to plaintiffs’ older vertical wells, and

discusses important principles of limitations as a defense.......................... 163

I. Court finds that plaintiff-town’s claims for trespass and nuisance with

respect to natural-gas compressor stations and metering station were

barred by limitations. ................................................................................... 165

J. Tenth Circuit, in a criminal case, finds that Congress never properly

disestablished the Creek Reservation, leaving broad potential implications

for most sectors of the business community and other tribes. ...................... 165

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Chapter 14

ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE, SITING, AND RELIABILITY........................... 167

I. PART ONE: WHY IS RESILIENCY SO IMPORTANT? .................................................... 167

A. Part One: Main Issues.................................................................................. 167

B. Part One: Snapshots & Highlights............................................................... 169

II. PART TWO: HOW DO WE VALUE RESILIENCY & RELIABILITY?............................... 170

A. Part Two: Main Issues.................................................................................. 170

B. Part Two: Snapshots & Highlights............................................................... 171

III. PART THREE: WHOSE VISION WILL DECIDE WHAT RESILIENCY MEANS?............. 173

A. Part Three: Main Issues............................................................................... 173

B. Part Three: Snapshots & Highlights............................................................ 174

Chapter 15

FOREST RESOURCES............................................................................................... 176

I. DEVELOPMENTS IN FEDERAL LITIGATION ................................................................ 176

A. National Forest Roadless Area Management............................................... 176

B. Federal Court Cases..................................................................................... 177

II. DEVELOPMENTS IN STATE COURTS ......................................................................... 179

III. DEVELOPMENTS IN FEDERAL LEGISLATION, DIRECTIVES AND POLICY.................. 181

A. Federal Policy on the Carbon Neutrality of Forest Bioenergy .................... 181

B. Congressional Actions Related to Forest Fires............................................ 181

C. United States - Canada Softwood Lumber Trade Dispute ........................... 182

Chapter 16

HYDRO POWER.......................................................................................................... 183

I. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................ 183

A. Second Circuit Reinstates Water Transfers Rule ......................................... 183

B. D.C. Circuit Affirms FERC Order on Credits for Past Overpayment of

Headwater Benefits Charges .............................................................................. 184

II. ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS.......................................................................... 186

A. FERC Revises License Term Policy ............................................................. 186

B. FERC Issues Report to Congress on Two-Year Licensing Process ............. 187

Chapter 17

MARINE RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 189

I. FISHERIES ................................................................................................................. 189

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 189

II. MARINE MAMMALS AND THE MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT (MMPA)...... 192

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 192

B. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 192

C. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 192

III. POLAR BEARS, SEA TURTLES, SALMON, AND THE ENDANGERED

SPECIES ACT (ESA) ............................................................................................... 193

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 193

B. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 195

C. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 196

IV. DEEP SEABED MINING, CONTINENTAL SHELF DELINEATION, THE ARCTIC, AND

OTHER ISSUES UNDER THE 1982 LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION .............................. 197

A. Deep Seabed Mining..................................................................................... 197

B. Continental Shelf Delineation ...................................................................... 197

C. Arctic Developments..................................................................................... 198

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D. Implementation of the Polar Code................................................................ 199

E. 1982 Law of the Sea Convention .................................................................. 200

V. COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT AND MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING................. 201

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 201

B. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 201

C. Marine Spatial Planning Developments....................................................... 201

VI. OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY ..................................................................................... 202

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 202

B. Federal and State Project Updates .............................................................. 203

Chapter 18

MINING AND MINERAL EXTRACTION............................................................... 205

I. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS................................................................................. 205

A. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Reissues CWA Section 404 Nationwide

Permits.......................................................................................................... 205

B. 1983 SMCRA Stream Buffer Zone Rule – Reinstated Again? ...................... 205

C. U.S. Department of the Interior’s Effort to Limit Coal Mining Halted........ 206

D. Coal Ash Disposal ........................................................................................ 206

Chapter 19

NATIVE AMERICAN RESOURCES........................................................................ 208

I. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................ 208

A. United States Supreme Court ....................................................................... 208

B. Appellate Opinions....................................................................................... 210

C. District Court Opinions................................................................................ 215

D. State Court Opinions.................................................................................... 216

II. LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENTS...................................................... 217

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 217

B. Regulatory Actions ....................................................................................... 220

C. Executive Actions.......................................................................................... 220

Chapter 20

NUCLEAR LAW .......................................................................................................... 221

I. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................ 221

A. Spent Fuel Litigation – Duke Energy Progress, Inc. v. United States ......... 221

B. Price-Anderson – McMunn v. Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation

Group, Inc..................................................................................................... 221

C. Preemption – McNelis v. Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. ........................ 222

D. Preemption – Cox v. Duke Energy, Inc. ....................................................... 222

E. Preemption – Virginia Uranium, Inc. v. Warren.......................................... 223

F. New Plant Licensing – Beyond Nuclear, Inc. v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission .................................................................................................. 223

II. ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS.......................................................................... 224

A. Commission Makeup..................................................................................... 224

B. New Facility Licenses and Applications....................................................... 224

C. Significant NRC Adjudicatory Developments............................................... 225

Chapter 21

OIL AND GAS .............................................................................................................. 227

I. ALASKA.................................................................................................................... 227

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 227

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B. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 227

C. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 228

II. ARKANSAS .............................................................................................................. 228

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 228

B. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 229

III. CALIFORNIA........................................................................................................... 230

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 230

B. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 231

C. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 232

IV. COLORADO ............................................................................................................ 232

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 232

B. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 236

V. KANSAS .................................................................................................................. 236

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 236

VI. LOUISIANA ............................................................................................................ 239

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 239

VII. NEW MEXICO ....................................................................................................... 241

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 241

B. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 243

VIII. OHIO ................................................................................................................... 243

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 243

B. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 246

IX. OKLAHOMA ........................................................................................................... 246

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 246

B. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 251

X. PENNSYLVANIA....................................................................................................... 253

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 253

B. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 253

XI. TEXAS.................................................................................................................... 257

A. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 257

XII. WEST VIRGINIA.................................................................................................... 264

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 264

B. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 264

C. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 265

XIII. WYOMING........................................................................................................... 266

A. Legislative Developments............................................................................. 266

B. Judicial Developments.................................................................................. 266

C. Administrative Developments....................................................................... 267

Chapter 22

PUBLIC LAND AND RESOURCES.......................................................................... 268

I. NULLIFICATION OF BLM’S PLANNING 2.0 RULE ...................................................... 268

II. REDUCTION IN SIZE OF BEARS EARS AND GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE

NATIONAL MONUMENTS......................................................................................... 269

III. BLM LAND USE DECISIONS UNDER FLPMA........................................................ 270

IV. AGENCY LAND USE DECISIONS AS TAKINGS ......................................................... 273

V. R.S. 2477 ROADS.................................................................................................... 273

VI. THE QUIET TITLE ACT........................................................................................... 274

VII. THE WILD FREE-ROAMING HORSES AND BURROS ACT (“WILD HORSES ACT”).. 275

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Chapter 23

RENEWABLE, ALTERNATIVE, AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY

RESOURCES................................................................................................................ 277

I. STATES ADDRESS RENEWABLE ENERGY PRIORITIES THROUGH THE PUBLIC

UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT....................................................................... 277

II. ENERGY STORAGE TARGETS IN THE NORTHEAST.................................................... 278

III. SOLAR AND WIND-ANOTHER STRONG YEAR......................................................... 279

IV. OFFSHORE WIND ................................................................................................... 279

V. PARIS AGREEMENT ................................................................................................. 280

VI. REPEAL OF THE CLEAN POWER PLAN AND FEDERAL RENEWABLE ENERGY

POLICY .................................................................................................................. 280

VII. MISCELLANEOUS.................................................................................................. 281

A. War on Coal.................................................................................................. 281

B. Renewable Fuel Standards........................................................................... 281

C. Carbon Tax................................................................................................... 282

D. Greenhouse Gas Emissions.......................................................................... 282

E. Property Assessed Clean Energy.................................................................. 282

Chapter 24

WATER RESOURCES................................................................................................ 284

I. FEDERAL DEVELOPMENTS........................................................................................ 284

A. Alaska ........................................................................................................... 284

B. Arizona.......................................................................................................... 285

C. California...................................................................................................... 285

D. Maine ............................................................................................................ 286

E. Nevada.......................................................................................................... 286

F. North Dakota ................................................................................................ 287

G. Oregon.......................................................................................................... 287

H. Wyoming ....................................................................................................... 288

II. STATE DEVELOPMENTS........................................................................................... 288

A. Arizona.......................................................................................................... 288

B. California...................................................................................................... 289

C. Colorado....................................................................................................... 292

D. Idaho............................................................................................................. 294

E. Kansas .......................................................................................................... 296

F. Montana........................................................................................................ 297

G. Nebraska....................................................................................................... 299

H. Nevada.......................................................................................................... 300

I. New Mexico .................................................................................................. 302

J. North Dakota ................................................................................................ 302

K. Oklahoma...................................................................................................... 302

L. Oregon.......................................................................................................... 304

M. South Dakota ................................................................................................ 305

N. Texas............................................................................................................. 306

O. Utah .............................................................................................................. 307

P. Washington ................................................................................................... 310

Q. Wyoming ....................................................................................................... 311

R. Eastern States............................................................................................... 312

S. Great Lakes States........................................................................................ 312

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Chapter 25

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ............................................................. 314

I. ADR CASES ............................................................................................................. 314

II. SETTLEMENT EXAMPLES......................................................................................... 315

A. Air Quality .................................................................................................... 315

B. Energy and Mining ....................................................................................... 315

C. Indian Country.............................................................................................. 316

D. Superfund...................................................................................................... 317

E. Water ............................................................................................................ 318

III. FEDERAL ACTIONS AFFECTING ADR AND SETTLEMENTS ..................................... 319

Chapter 26

CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AND

ECOSYSTEMS ............................................................................................................. 321

I. CLIMATE CHANGE.................................................................................................... 321

A. Mitigation ..................................................................................................... 321

B. Adaptation .................................................................................................... 337

II. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT................................................................................. 342

A. International Activities................................................................................. 342

B. National Activities........................................................................................ 343

III. ECOSYSTEMS ......................................................................................................... 344

A. International Activities................................................................................. 344

B. State and National Activities ........................................................................ 347

Chapter 27

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ......................................................................................... 351

I. STANDING ................................................................................................................ 351

II. COMMERCE CLAUSE ............................................................................................... 351

III. PREEMPTION .......................................................................................................... 352

IV. FIFTH AMENDMENT TAKINGS................................................................................ 355

Chapter 28

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCES LAW................... 357

I. ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE .................................................................................... 357

A. Twenty-Third Session of the Conference of the Parties ............................... 357

B. Twenty-Eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol ................. 359

II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION ............................................. 359

A. Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction - Prepatory Committee............. 359

B. Protected Area Conservation ....................................................................... 360

C. Central Arctic Fisheries Agreement Negotiations........................................ 362

D. International Arctic Oil & Gas Developments and Restrictions.................. 363

E. Cultural Heritage ......................................................................................... 364

III. INTERNATIONAL HAZARDOUS MANAGEMENT ....................................................... 364

A. Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste .......................................... 364

B. International Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology.............................. 365

IV. INTERNATIONAL CHEMICALS................................................................................. 366

A. International Committees on Pollutant Review and Chemical Review........ 366

B. Minamata Convention on Mercury............................................................... 366

V. NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 367

A. International Regulations of Endangered Species, Invasive Species, and

Conservation................................................................................................. 367