English Grammar

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Môc lôc

Grammar Review.......................................................................................................1

1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc (Count noun/ Non - count noun) ....................... 1

Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"........................................................................2

Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The".............................................................................................3

C¸ch sö dông another vµ other................................................................................7

C¸ch sö dông little, a little, few, a few.....................................................................8

Së h÷u c¸ch...............................................................................................................9

Verb ..........................................................................................................................10

1) Present...............................................................................................................................10

1) Simple Present ....................................................................................................................10

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)..........................................................................................10

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII.................................................................................................11

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing...................................................................11

2. Past....................................................................................................................................12

1) Simple Past: V-ed ................................................................................................................12

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing..................................................................................12

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII .........................................................................................................13

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing ....................................................................13

3. Future.................................................................................................................................13

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form.....................................................13

2) Near Future .........................................................................................................................14

3) Future Progressive: will/shall+verbing ..................................................................................14

4) Future Perfect: Whill/ Shall + Have + PII ..............................................................................15

Sù hßa hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ.....................................................................16

1. C¸c tr­êng hîp Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ ...........................................................16

2. C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái c¸c ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i theo chóng ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt...........16

3. C¸ch sö dông None vµ No ................................................................................................17

4. C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either...or (hoÆc...hoÆc) vµ neither...nor (kh«ng...mµ còng

kh«ng).........................................................................................................................................17

5. V-ing lµm chñ ng÷ .............................................................................................................18

6. C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ ...........................................................................................................18

7. C¸ch sö dông a number of, the number of: .....................................................................19

8. C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu....................................................................................20

9. Thµnh ng÷ there is, there are............................................................................................20

§¹i tõ ........................................................................................................................22

1. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng (Chñ ng÷)..............................................................................................22

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2. §¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t©n ng÷..................................................................................................23

3. TÝnh tõ së h÷u....................................................................................................................23

4. §¹i tõ së h÷u .....................................................................................................................23

5. §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n ................................................................................................................24

T©n ng÷ ....................................................................................................................25

1. §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµ t©n ng÷..........................................................................................25

2. Verb -ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷...............................................................................................25

3. Bèn ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt.........................................................................................................26

4. C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng sau giíi tõ............................................................................................26

5. VÊn ®Ò c¸c ®¹i tõ ®øng tr­íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc V-ing dïng lµm t©n ng÷. .........27

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt ......................................................29

1. Need...................................................................................................................................29

1) Dïng nh­ mét ®éng tõ th­êng: ®­îc sö dông ra sao cßn tïy vµo chñ ng÷ cña nã .................29

2) Need ®­îc sö dông nh­ mét ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ..............................................................29

2. Dare....................................................................................................................................30

1) Khi dïng víi nghÜa lµ "d¸m"..................................................................................................30

2) Dare dïng nh­ mét ngo¹i ®éng tõ ........................................................................................30

C¸ch sö dông to be trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ......................................................31

C¸ch sö dông to get trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.......................................33

1. To get + P2

..........................................................................................................................33

2. Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: B¾t ®Çu lµm g×.......................................................................33

3. Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lµm ai/ c¸i g× b¾t ®Çu.........................................................................33

4. Get + to + verb...................................................................................................................33

5. Get + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò hµnh ®éng) = Come + to + Verb (chØ vÊn ®Ò nhËn thøc) =

Gradually = dÇn dÇn ...................................................................................................................33

C©u hái .....................................................................................................................34

1. C©u hái Yes/ No.................................................................................................................34

2. C©u hái th«ng b¸o.............................................................................................................34

a) Who/ what lµm chñ ng÷........................................................................................................34

b) Whom/ what lµm t©n ng÷......................................................................................................34

c) C©u hái nh¾m vµo c¸c bæ ng÷: When, Where, How vµ Why .................................................35

3. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp ...............................................................................................................35

4. C©u hái cã ®u«i .................................................................................................................35

Lèi nãi phô häa kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh...............................................................36

1. Kh¼ng ®Þnh ........................................................................................................................36

2. Phñ ®Þnh.............................................................................................................................36

C©u phñ ®Þnh ...........................................................................................................38

MÖnh lÖnh thøc........................................................................................................40

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt.............................................................................................41

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C©u ®iÒu kiÖn...........................................................................................................42

1. §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i.......................................................................42

2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i.................................................................42

3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø ...............................................................42

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ will, would, could, should sau if...............................43

Mét sè c¸ch dïng thªm cña if................................................................................44

1. If... then: NÕu... th× ............................................................................................................44

2. If dïng trong d¹ng c©u kh«ng ph¶i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn: §éng tõ ë c¸c mÖnh ®Ò diÔn biÕn

b×nh th­êng theo thêi gian cña chÝnh nã. .................................................................................44

3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diÔn ®¹t sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n

(Xem thªm phÇn sö dông should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cô thÓ).........................................44

4. If.. was/were to...................................................................................................................44

5. If it + to be + not + for: NÕu kh«ng v×, nÕu kh«ng nhê vµo. ............................................44

6. Not ®«i khi ®­îc thªm vµo nh÷ng ®éng tõ sau if ®Ó bµy tá sù nghi ngê, kh«ng ch¾c

ch¾n. ...........................................................................................................................................45

7. It would... if + subject + would... (sÏ lµ... nÕu – kh«ng ®­îc dïng trong v¨n viÕt)..........45

8. If... ‘d have... ‘have: Dïng trong v¨n nãi, kh«ng dïng trong v¨n viÕt, diÔn ®¹t ®iÒu kiÖn

kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë qu¸ khø........................................................................................................45

9. If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bÞ l­îc bá)..................................................45

10. If dïng kh¸ phæ biÕn víi mét sè tõ nh­ any/anything/ever/not diÔn ®¹t phñ ®Þnh.........45

11. If + Adjective = although (cho dï lµ).................................................................................46

C¸ch sö dông to Hope, to Wish. ............................................................................47

1. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng cã thËt ë t­¬ng lai..................................................................................47

2. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i.................................................................47

3. §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø ...............................................................47

C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though (gÇn nh­ lµ, nh­ thÓ lµ) .....................49

Used to, to be/get used to.......................................................................................50

C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ would rather..................................................................51

1. Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷...................................................................................................51

2. Lo¹i c©u cã hai chñ ng÷....................................................................................................51

a) Lo¹i c©u gi¶ ®Þnh ë hiÖn t¹i...................................................................................................51

b) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë hiÖn t¹i ........................................................................52

c) Lo¹i c©u kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®­îc ë qu¸ khø.......................................................................52

C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would like......................................................................53

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i.54

1. Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Cã lÏ, cã thÓ.................................................54

2. Should + Verb in simple form ...........................................................................................54

3. Must + Verb in simple form...............................................................................................54

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C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë qu¸ khø56

1. Could, may, might + have + P2 = cã lÏ ®· .........................................................................56

2. Could have + P2 = LÏ ra ®· cã thÓ (trªn thùc tÕ lµ kh«ng) ...............................................56

3. Might have been + V-ing = Cã lÏ lóc Êy ®ang ...................................................................56

4. Should have + P2 = LÏ ra ph¶i, lÏ ra nªn...........................................................................56

5. Must have + P2 = h¼n lµ ®·................................................................................................56

6. Must have been V-ing = h¼n lóc Êy ®ang..........................................................................56

C¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông should trong mét sè tr­êng hîp cô thÓ..............................57

TÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ .....................................................................................................59

§éng tõ nèi ..............................................................................................................61

C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ................................................................63

1. So s¸nh b»ng.....................................................................................................................63

2. So s¸nh h¬n kÐm...............................................................................................................63

3. So s¸nh hîp lý...................................................................................................................65

4. So s¸nh ®Æc biÖt................................................................................................................65

5. So s¸nh ®a béi...................................................................................................................66

6. So s¸nh kÐp.......................................................................................................................66

7. CÊu tróc No sooner... than = Võa míi ... th× ®·.................................................................67

8. So s¸nh gi÷a 2 ng­êi hoÆc 2 vËt.......................................................................................67

9. So s¸nh bËc nhÊt...............................................................................................................67

Danh tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ........................................................................................69

Enough.....................................................................................................................70

Mét sè tr­êng hîp cô thÓ dïng Much & Many......................................................71

Ph©n biÖt thªm vÒ c¸ch dïng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal/ so víi many/

much.........................................................................................................................73

Mét sè c¸ch dïng cô thÓ cña more & most ..........................................................74

C¸ch dïng long & (for) a long time........................................................................75

Tõ nèi........................................................................................................................76

1. Because, Because of.........................................................................................................76

Because of = on account of = due to ........................................................................................76

2. Tõ nèi chØ môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶.........................................................................................76

3. Tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n vµ kÕt qu¶...................................................................................76

4. Mét sè c¸c tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c.....................................................................77

C©u bÞ ®éng..............................................................................................................79

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n ......................................................................................82

1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g× .........................82

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2. To have/to get sth done = §­a c¸i g× ®i lµm.....................................................................82

3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth........................................................................82

4. To make sb + P2 = lµm cho ai bÞ lµm sao ..........................................................................82

5. To cause sth + P2 = lµm cho c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao ..................................................................82

6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ®Ó ai, cho phÐp ai lµm g×.....................83

7. To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gióp ai lµm g× ....................................................................83

8. 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt..............................................................................................................83

C©u phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ..............................................................84

1. That vµ which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô..........................................................................84

2. That vµ which lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô...........................................................................84

3. Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô .........................................................................................84

4. Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô .......................................................................................84

5. MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ kh«ng b¾t buéc.......................................................................85

1) MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc.........................................................................................................85

2) MÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc ...............................................................................................85

6. TÇm quan träng cña viÖc sö dông dÊu phÈy ®èi víi mÖnh ®Ò phô .................................85

7. C¸ch sö dông All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ......................86

8. Whose = cña ng­êi mµ, cña con mµ.................................................................................86

9. C¸ch lo¹i bá mÖnh ®Ò phô ................................................................................................86

C¸ch sö dông P1 trong mét sè tr­êng hîp............................................................88

10. Dïng víi mét sè c¸c cÊu tróc ®éng tõ. ............................................................................88

11. P1 ®­îc sö dông ®Ó rót ng¾n nh÷ng c©u dµi....................................................................89

C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh (To have + P2

)..............................90

Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that.......................................................................91

1. That dïng víi t­ c¸ch lµ mét liªn tõ (r»ng) ......................................................................91

2. MÖnh ®Ò that......................................................................................................................91

C©u gi¶ ®Þnh.............................................................................................................93

1. Dïng víi would rather that ...............................................................................................93

2. Dïng víi ®éng tõ...............................................................................................................93

3. Dïng víi tÝnh tõ.................................................................................................................93

4. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi mét sè tr­êng hîp kh¸c...............................................................94

5. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it + to be + time.............................................................................95

Lèi nãi bao hµm.......................................................................................................96

1. Not only ..... but also..........................................................................................................96

2. As well as: Còng nh­ ........................................................................................................96

3. Both ..... and.......................................................................................................................97

C¸ch sö dông to know, to know how.....................................................................98

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MÖnh ®Ò nh­îng bé ................................................................................................99

1. Despite/Inspite of = bÊt chÊp ............................................................................................99

2. Although/Even though/Though = MÆc dÇu.......................................................................99

3. However + adj + S + linkverb = dï cã .... ®i ch¨ng n÷a th× ..............................................99

4. Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier..........................99

Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn..........................................................................100

Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c ........................................................................102

Sù phï hîp vÒ thêi ®éng tõ..................................................................................103

C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell..................................................................................104

§¹i tõ nh©n x­ng one vµ you................................................................................105

Tõ ®i tr­íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu........................................................................................106

C¸ch sö dông c¸c ph©n tõ ë ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô..................................................107

Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ ......................................................................................109

1. Ph©n tõ 1(V-ing) ®­îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:.....109

2. Ph©n tõ 2 (V-ed) ®­îc dïng lµm tÝnh tõ khi nã ®¸p øng ®Çy ®ñ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sau:.....109

C©u thõa.................................................................................................................110

CÊu tróc c©u song song........................................................................................111

Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp ............................................................................112

1. C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp .........................................................................................112

§éng tõ víi hai t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp.....................................................114

Sù ®¶o ng­îc phã tõ.............................................................................................115

1. Mét sè c¸c d¹ng phã tõ ®Æc biÖt ®øng ë ®Çu c©u..........................................................115

C¸ch lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi kh«ng ®óng trong bµi ng÷ ph¸p ......................118

1. KiÓm tra c¸c lçi ng÷ ph¸p c¬ b¶n bao gåm....................................................................118

2. Lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi mang tÝnh r­êm rµ:................................................................118

3. Ph¶i ch¾c ch¾n r»ng tÊt c¶ c¸c tõ trong c©u ®­îc chän ®Òu ph¶i phóc vô cho nghÜa cña

bµi, ®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c ng÷ ®éng tõ...............................................................................................119

4. Ph¶i lo¹i bá nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi bao hµm tiÕng lãng, kh«ng ®­îc phÐp dïng trong v¨n

viÕt qui chuÈn ...........................................................................................................................119

Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn....................................................................................120

Phô lôc: mét sè nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn kh¸c:..............................................122

Giíi tõ.....................................................................................................................125

Ng÷ ®éng tõ ...........................................................................................................128

Mét sè nguyªn t¾c thùc hiÖn bµi ®äc...................................................................130

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Grammar Review

Mét c©u trong tiÕng Anh bao gåm c¸c thµnh phÇn sau ®©y

SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER

(OBJECT)

DIRECT INDIRECT

SUBJECT cã thÓ lµ mét ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ, mét VERB_ING, mét ®¹i tõ, song nhiÒu

nhÊt vÉn lµ mét danh tõ. Chóng bao giê còng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u, lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt

®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. V× lµ ®éng tõ nªn chóng liªn quan ®Õn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau:

1. Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc (Count noun/ Non -

count noun)

 Danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc: Dïng ®­îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu.

Nã cã thÓ dïng ®­îc víi "a" vµ "the".

 Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc: Kh«ng dïng ®­îc víi sè ®Õm, do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh

th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã kh«ng thÓ dïng ®­îc víi "a", cßn "the" chØ trong mét sè

tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt.

 Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt.

 Mét sè danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc cã d¹ng sè Ýt/ sè nhiÒu nh­ nhau chØ ph©n biÖt b»ng cã

"a" vµ kh«ng cã "a"

Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

 Mét sè c¸c danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc nh­ food, meat, money, sand, water ... ®èi

khi ®­îc dïng nh­ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng, lo¹i kh¸c nhau cña danh

tõ ®ã.

Ex: water -> waters (N­íc -> nh÷ng vòng n­íc)

 Danh tõ "time" nÕu dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi gian" lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc nh­ng khi

dïng víi nghÜa lµ "thêi ®¹i" hay "sè lÇn" lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc.

Ex: Ancient times (Nh÷ng thêi cæ ®¹i) - Modern times (nh÷ng thêi hiÖn ®¹i)

 B¶ng sè 1 trang 45 lµ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®­îc víi c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng

®Õm ®­îc.

 ViÖc x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc lµ hÕt søc quan träng vµ

th­êng lµ b­íc c¬ b¶n më ®Çu cho c¸c bµi nghe/ ng÷ ph¸p cña TOEFL.

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Qu¸n tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh "a" vµ "an"

 Dïng "an" tr­íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng:

o 4 nguyªn ©m A, E, I, O.

o 2 b¸n nguyªn ©m U, Y.

o Nh÷ng danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng "h" c©m (an heir/ an hour)

o Nh÷ng tõ më ®Çu b»ng mét ch÷ viÕt t¾t (an S.O.S/ an M.P)

o L­u ý: §øng tr­íc mét danh tõ më ®Çu b»ng "uni..." ph¶i dïng "a" (a

university/ a uniform)

 Dïng "a" tr­íc danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.

 §­îc dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vÒ mÆt vÞ trÝ/ tÝnh chÊt/ ®Æc ®iÓm

hoÆc ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu tiªn trong c©u.

 Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l­îng nhÊt ®Þnh nh­: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a

couple/ a dozen.

 Dïng tr­íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh th­êng lµ hµng ngµn, hµng tr¨m nh­ a/ one

hundred - a/one thousand.

 Dïng tr­íc "half" (mét nöa) khi nã theo sau mét ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn: a kilo and a

half, hay khi nã ®i ghÐp víi mét danh tõ kh¸c ®Ó chØ nöa phÇn (khi viÕt cã dÊu

g¹ch nèi): a half - share, a half - holiday (ngµy lÔ chØ nghØ nöa ngµy).

 Dïng víi c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n sè nh­ 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

 Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an

hour, 4 times a day.

 Dïng tr­íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®­îc. trong c¸c th¸n tõ what a nice day/ such a

long life.

 A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mét «ng/ bµ/ c« nµo ®ã (kh«ng quen biÕt)

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Qu¸n tõ x¸c ®Þnh "The"

 Dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ ®· ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ

hoÆc ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø hai trong c©u.

 The + danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ

Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

 Dïng tr­íc nh÷ng tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc only.

Ex: The only way, the best day.

 Dïng cho nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian x¸c ®Þnh (thËp niªn): In the 1990s

 The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô

Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman

 Tr­íc mét danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt

Ex: She is in the (= her) garden

 The + danh tõ sè Ýt t­îng tr­ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt

Ex: The whale = whales (loµi c¸ voi), the deep-freeze (thøc ¨n ®«ng l¹nh)

L­u ý: Nh­ng ®èi víi man khi mang nghÜa "loµi ng­êi" tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®­îc dïng

"the".

Ex: Since man lived on the earth (kÓ tõ khi loµi ng­êi sinh sèng trªn tr¸i ®Êt nµy)

 Dïng tr­íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Ó chØ mét nhãm, mét h¹ng ng­êi nhÊt ®Þnh trong x·

héi.

Ex: The small shopkeeper: Giíi chñ tiÖm nhá/ The top offcial: Giíi quan chøc cao cÊp

 The + adj: T­îng tr­ng cho mét nhãm ng­êi, chóng kh«ng bao giê ®­îc phÐp ë sè

nhiÒu nh­ng ®­îc xem lµ c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu. Do vËy ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ ®i cïng

víi chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu.

Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in

their moving

 The + tªn c¸c vïng/ khu vùc ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö

Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic

 The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh tõ

used as adjective

Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole

(B¾c/ Nam Cùc)

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Ex: Ex: The East End of London

(Khu ®«ng L«n §«n)

*Nh­ng kh«ng ®­îc dïng THE tr­íc c¸c tõ nµy nÕu nã ®i liÒn víi tªn ch©u lôc

hoÆc quèc gia: West Germany, North America...

 The + tªn gäi c¸c ®éi hîp x­íng/ dµn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn/ ban nh¹c phæ th«ng

Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.

 The + tªn gäi c¸c tê b¸o (kh«ng t¹p chÝ)/ tµu biÓn/ c¸c khinh khÝ cÇu.

Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

 The + hä mét gia ®×nh ë sè nhiÒu = gia ®×nh nhµ

Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children

 Dïng tr­íc tªn hä cña mét ng­êi ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ng­êi ®ã trong sè nh÷ng ng­êi trïng

tªn.

 Kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the" tr­íc c¸c danh tõ chØ b÷a ¨n trong ngµy trõ c¸c tr­êng hîp

®Æc biÖt.

Ex: We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning

Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.

 Kh«ng ®­îc dïng "the" tr­íc mét sè danh tõ nh­ home, bed, church, court, jail,

prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v... khi nã ®i víi c¸c ®éng tõ

vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng chØ ®i ®Õn ®ã v× môc ®Ých chÝnh hoÆc ra khái ®ã còng v×

môc ®Ých chÝnh.

Ex: Students go to school everyday.

Ex: The patient was released from hospital.

 Nh­ng nÕu ®Õn ®ã hoÆc ra khái ®ã kh«ng v× môc ®Ých chÝnh b¾t buéc ph¶i dïng

"the".

Ex: Students go to the school for a class party.

Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork

*L­u ý: trong American English hospital vµ university ph¶i dïng víi THE:

Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient).

Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student).

 Mét sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt

 Go to work = Go to the office.

 To be at work

 To be hard at work (lµm viÖc ch¨m chØ)

 To be in office (®­¬ng nhiÖm) <> To be out of office (§· m·n nhiÖm)

 Go to sea = ®i biÓn (nh­ nh÷ng thñy thñ)

 Go to the sea = ra biÓn, th­êng ®Ó nghØ

 To be at the sea: ë gÇn biÓn

 To be at sea (ë trªn biÓn) trong mét chuyÕn h¶i hµnh.

 go to town: §i vµo trung t©m/ §i phè - To be in town (ë trung t©m) khi town lµ

cña ng­êi nãi.

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B¶ng sö dông "the" vµ kh«ng sö dông "the" trong mét sè tr­êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh

Cã "The" Kh«ng "The"

 Dïng tr­íc tªn c¸c ®¹i d­¬ng, s«ng

ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ c¸c hå (ë sè nhiÒu)

Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the

Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c d·y nói

Ex: The Rocky Mountains

 Tr­íc tªn nh÷ng vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trong

vò trô hoÆc trªn thÕ giíi

Ex: The earth, the moon

 The schools, colleges, universities + of

+ danh tõ riªng

Ex: The University of Florida

 the + sè thø tù + danh tõ

Ex: The third chapter.

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu

vùc víi ®iÒu kiÖn tªn khu vùc ®ã ph¶i

®­îc tÝnh tõ ho¸

Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese

economy)

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc cã hai tõ trë lªn

(ngo¹i trõ Great Britain)

Ex: The United States

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc ®­îc coi lµ mét

quÇn ®¶o hoÆc mét quÇn ®¶o

Ex: The Philipines

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn lÞch

sö

Ex: The Constitution, The Magna Carta

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè

Ex: the Indians

 Tr­íc tªn mét hå

Ex: Lake Geneva

 Tr­íc tªn mét ngän nói

Ex: Mount Vesuvius

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chßm

sao

Ex: Venus, Mars

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c tr­êng nµy nÕu tr­íc nã

lµ mét tªn riªng

Ex: Stetson University

 Tr­íc c¸c danh tõ ®i cïng víi mét sè

®Õm

Ex: Chapter three

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c n­íc më ®Çu b»ng New,

mét tÝnh tõ chØ h­íng hoÆc chØ cã mét

tõ

Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tØnh, tiÓu bang,

thµnh phè, quËn, huyÖn

Ex: Europe, Florida

 Tr­íc tªn bÊt k× m«n thÓ thao nµo

Ex: baseball, basketball

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 Tr­íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ

Ex: The Solid matter Physics

 Tr­íc c¸c danh tõ trõu t­îng (trõ mét

sè tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt)

Ex: freedom, happiness

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c m«n häc nãi chung

Ex: mathematics

 Tr­íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt

Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving