Engineering practices for agricultural production and water conservation

ENGINEERING PRACTICES FOR

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

AND WATER CONSERVATION

An Interdisciplinary Approach

ENGINEERING PRACTICES FOR

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

AND WATER CONSERVATION

An Interdisciplinary Approach

Edited by

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

R. K. Sivanappan, PhD

Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering

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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Engineering practices for agricultural production and water conservation: an interdisciplinary approach / edited

by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, R.K. Sivanappan, PhD.

(Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Issued in print and electronic formats.

ISBN 978-1-77188-451-8 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-452-5 (pdf)

1. Water conservation. 2. Soil conservation. 3. Agricultural engineering. I. Goyal, Megh Raj, editor II. Sivanap￾pan, R. K., author, editor III. Series: Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering

TD388.E55 2016 631 C2016-907099-9 C2016-907100-6

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. | Sivanappan, R. K., editor.

Title: Engineering practices for agricultural production and water conservation : an interdisciplinary approach /

editors: Megh R. Goyal, R. K. Sivanappan.

Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016048790 (print) | LCCN 2016050098 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771884518 (alk. paper) | ISBN

9781771884525 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Water conservation. | Soil conservation. | Agricultural engineering.

Classification: LCC TD388 .E55 2017 (print) | LCC TD388 (ebook) | DDC 631--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048790

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears

in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,

visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com

List of Contributors..................................................................................... ix

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................. xiii

List of Symbols......................................................................................... xvii

Preface 1 by Megh R. Goyal ..................................................................... xix

Preface 2 by R. K. Sivanappan.................................................................. xxi

Warning/Disclaimer................................................................................ xxiii

Other Books on Agricultural and Biological Engineering by AAP...........xxv

About Senior Editor-in-Chief ...................................................................xxix

About Co-Editor.......................................................................................xxxi

Editorial ................................................................................................ xxxiii

PART 1: SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT....... 1

1. Agricultural Water Management: Challenges in Research and

Development ............................................................................................... 3

R. K. Sivanappan

2. Rain Water Harvesting: Status, Prospects, Conservation,

and Management...................................................................................... 61

R. K. Sivanappan

3. Percolation Tanks for Water Conservation for Sustainable

Development of Ground Water in Hard-Rock Aquifers....................... 85

Shrikant Daji Limaye

4. Precision Fertilizer Applicator: Localized and

Subsurface Placement............................................................................ 101

Thaneswer Patel and G. R. Ramakrishna Murthy

PART 2: AGRICULTURAL PROCESS ENGINEERING ......................... 115

5. Hypobaric Storage of Horticultural Products: A Review................... 117

P. Vithu and J. A. Moses

CONTENTS

vi Contents

6. Convective Drying of Potato Slices at Low Temperatures in

Full Air Recirculation Dryer ................................................................. 133

Ivan Zlatanović, Dušan Radojičić, and Goran Topisirović

PART 3: WATER QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT ................................ 147

7. Sub-Surface Drainage Systems and Flow Monitoring in Canals

for Increasing Crop Productivity.......................................................... 149

K. Palanisami, R. Doraiswamy, and M. K. Khaishagi

8. Water Quality of Shallow Groundwater: Case Study......................... 167

Mayank Kumar and Nitin Dabral

9. Electrokinetics Application to Control Nitrate Movement ................ 205

Vinod Kumar Tripathi

PART 4: SCOPE OF EMERGING AGRICULTURAL CROPS................ 221

10. Scope of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Farming in

Eastern India .......................................................................................... 223

K. M. Singh

11. Green Synthesis of AGNPS from Spinacia Oleracea Leaves

and Their Anti-Microbial Efficacy Against Human Pathogenic

Microbes.................................................................................................. 251

Manbir Kaur, Brahmdutt Arya, and Vedpriya Arya

PART 5: RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN AGRICULTURE................... 261

12. A Comparative Study of Biomass Materials Using

Downdraft Gasifier................................................................................. 263

P. K. Pranav, Thaneswer Patel, and Y. K. Rao

13. Potential of Renewable Sources from Solid Biomass in Serbian

and Hungarian Agriculture................................................................... 277

Goran Topisirovic and Laszlo Mago

14. Biodiesel Production: A Review on Swida wilsoniana

(Wilson’s Dogwood) ............................................................................... 291

Peiwang Li, Youping Sun, Changzhu Li, Lijuan Jiang, Liangbo Zhang,

and Zhihong Xiao

Contents vii

PART 6: NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

IN AGRICULTURE............................................................................... 305

15. Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Agriculture.......................... 307

Rajni Singh, K. P. Singh, and S. P. Singh

16. Nano Particle Based Delivery System and Proposed Applications

in Agriculture.......................................................................................... 325

Deepak Kumar Verma, Shikha Srivastava, Prem Prakash Srivastav,

and Bavita Asthir

17. Nanotechnology: Pollution Sensing and Remediation........................ 349

Vedpriya Arya

18. Natural Pigments and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC):

A Correlation .......................................................................................... 359

Brajesh Kumar

Index......................................................................................................... 385

Brahamdutt Arya, MSc

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Pt. Neki Ram College, Rohtak – 124001, Haryana,

India

Vedpriya Arya, PhD

Assistant Professor; Scientist E, Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Phase I,

Haridwar, Uttrakhand; Mobile: +91-7060472471, E-mail: [email protected]

Bavita Asthir, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,

Punjab, India

Nitin Dabral, BTech

Research Scholar MTech, Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Technology,

G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar, India. E-mail: [email protected]

R. Doraiswamy, PhD

Institutional Expert, Water Resources and Development, Bangalore – 560052, India. E-mail:

[email protected]

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE

Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico –

Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical

Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon – PR – 00677 – USA. E-mail:

[email protected]

Lijuan Jiang, PhD

Professor, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Rd., Changsha,

Hunan 410004, China

Manbir Kaur, MSc

Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Girls College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

M. K. Khaishagi, PhD

Irrigation Engineer, Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Hyderabad, India – 500034.

E-mail: [email protected]

Brajesh Kumar, PhD

Professor, Department of Chemistry, TATA College, Kolhan University, Chaibasa – 833202,

Jharkhand, India. Current address: Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, Universidad de las

Fuerzas Armadas -ESPE, Av. Gral. Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolqui, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Ecuador;

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Mayank Kumar, BTech

Research Scholar MTech, Indian Institute of Technology at Bombay Room No. B-003C, Hostel No.

12, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400076, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Changzhu Li, PhD

Professor, Hunan Academy of Forestry, 658 South Shaoshan Rd., Changsha, Hunan – 410004, China

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

x List of Contributors

Peiwang Li, M.S.

Associate Professor, Hunan Academy of Forestry, 658 South Shaoshan Rd., Changsha, Hunan

410004, China

Shrikant Daji Limaye, PhD

Director, Ground Water Consultant for at Several Industries & Agri. Banks; UNESCO – IUGS –

IGCP Project 523 “GROWNET”: Ground Water Institute, Pune – India.

http://www.igcp-grownet.org; E-mail: [email protected]

Laszlo Mago, PhD

Professor, SzentIstván University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Gödöllő, Hungary

J. A. Moses, PhD

Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT), MoFPI, Govt. of India,

Pudukottai Road, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu – 613005, India. E-mail: [email protected]

G. R. Ramakrishna Murthy, PhD

Principal Scientist, Education Systems Management Division, National Academy of Agricultural

Research Management (NAARM), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, India. E-mail:

[email protected]

K. Palanisami, PhD

Emeritus Scientist, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), ICRISAT campus, Patanchereu

– 502324, Hyderabad, India. Mobile: +91-9000686853; E-mail: [email protected]

Thaneswer Patel, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of

Science and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli (Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh–791109, India. Mobile:

+91-9436228996, E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

P. K. Pranav, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of

Science and Technology (NERIST), Nirjuli (Itanagar) – 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India. E-mail:

[email protected]

Dušan Radojičić, PhD

Professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia

Y. K. Rao, MTech

Senior Agricultural Engineer, Southern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute,

Tractor Nagar, Garladinne, Anantapur (Dist.) – 515731, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail:

[email protected]

K. M. Singh, PhD

Director, Extension Education and Chair, Department of Agricultural Economics, Rajendra

Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa-Samastipur, India – 848125. Mobile: +91-9431060157; E-mail:

[email protected]; [email protected]

K. P. Singh, PhD

Scientist, Directorate of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi – 110012, India

Rajni Singh, PhD

Additional Director, Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Room No. 307, J-3 Block, Amity

University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P., India. Tel.: +91-120-4392900; E-mail:

[email protected]; [email protected]

S. P. Singh, PhD

Scientist, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi – 110012, India

R. K. Sivanappan, PhD

Former Professor and Dean, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. Current mailing address: Consultant, 14, Bharathi

Park, 4th Cross Road, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu – 641043, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Prem Prakash Srivastav, PhD

Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302,

West Bengal, India

Shikha Srivastava, PhD

Department of Botany, Deen Dyal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur – 273009, Uttar

Pradesh, India

Youping Sun, PhD

Research Associate, Texas A&M Agri Life Research Center at El Paso, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso,

TX 79927, USA. Mobile: +001-8646339385; E-mail: [email protected]

Goran Topisirovic, PhD

Full Professor & Chair of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural

Engineering, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemn, Serbia. Skype: gogibog,

Tel.: +381 112199621; Mobile: +381 692417125 E-mail: [email protected]

Vinod Kumar Tripathi, PhD

Assistant Professor, Centre for Water Engineering & Management, Central University of Jharkhand,

Ranchi – Pin code, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Deepak Kumar Verma, PhD

Research Scholar and DST INSPIRE Fellow, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian

Institute of Technology, Kharagpur – 721302, West Bengal, India. Tel: +91–3222–281673. Mobile:

+91-7407170260, +91-9335993005. Fax: +91-3222-282224; Mailing address: Room No. NW-4,

B.C. Roy Hall of Residence, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal – 721302,

India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

P. Vithu, BTech (FPE)

Research Scholar MTech, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT), MoFPI, Govt. of

India, Pudukottai Road, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu – 613005, India

Zhihong Xiao, PhD

Professor, Hunan Academy of Forestry, 658 South Shaoshan Rd., Changsha, Hunan 410004, China

Liangbo Zhang, PhD

Associate Professor, Hunan Academy of Forestry, 658 South Shaoshan Rd., Changsha, Hunan

410004, China

Ivan Zlatanović, PhD

Professor, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering,

Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia

List of Contributors xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

6-BA, N6 benzyladenine

ABA abscisic acid

AFM atomic-force microscopy

Ag(I) silver iodide

AICTE All India Council for Technical Education

APS advanced photon source

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

BOD biochemical oxygen demand

C60 Carbon 60

CII Confederation of Indian Industries

COD chemical oxygen demand

CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

CSIR Council for Scientific & Industrial Research

CV coefficient of variation

D diameter of ground wheel

DAP diammonium phosphate

DBT Department of Biotechnology

df degrees of freedom

DKW Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut Medium

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DO dissolved oxygen

DRDO Defense Research & Development Organization

DSE German Foundation for International Development

DST Department of Science & Technology

DTT dithiothreitol

F f-test statistic

FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and

Industries

GA3 gibberellic acid

GBPIHED G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment &

Development

GOI Government of India

HRDI Herbal Research and Development Institute

IAA indole-3-acetic acid

IBA 3-indole butyric acid

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICIMOD International Center for Integrated Mountain

Development

ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research

K potash

MADPs medicinal aromatic and dye plants

MAPPA Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program in Asia

MAPs medicinal and aromatic plants

MEs micro-emulsions

MoEF Ministry of Environment & Forest

MOP muriate of potash

MS mean square

MS Murashige-Skoog

MSNs meso-porous silica nano-particles

N nitrogen

NAA α-naphthaleneacetic acid

NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NEC Nippon Electric Company

NEs nano-emulsions

NGO non-government organization

NLCs nano-structure lipid carriers

NMPB National Medicinal Plants Board

P phosphorus

PC&M Production-To-Consumption & Marketing

PEG poly-ethoxy glycol

PGRs plant growth regulators

PNs polymeric nano-particles

PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone

Q nutrient requirement

RNA ribonucleic acid

SD standard deviation

SEI Stockholm Environment Institute

SLNs solid lipid nano-particles

SS sum of squares

xiv List of Abbreviations