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Employment & Labor Law
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EMPLOYMENT
&
LABOR LAW
SEVENTH EDITION
EMPLOYMENT
&
LABOR LAW
PATRICK J. CIHON
Law and Public Policy, Management Department, Whitman School of Management,
Syracuse University
JAMES OTTAVIO CASTAGNERA
Associate Provost /Associate Counsel, Rider University
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Employment & Labor Law, 7th Edition
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ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-3727-0
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BRIEF CONTENTS
Part 1 COMMON-LAW EMPLOYMENT ISSUES « 1
Chapter 1 First the Forest, Then the Trees: An Overview of Employment
and Labor Law 3
Chapter 2 Employment Contracts and Wrongful Discharge 19
Chapter 3 Commonly Committed Workplace Torts 37
Chapter 4 Employee Privacy Rights in the 21st Century 59
Chapter 5 The Global Perspective: International Employment Law
and American Immigration Policy 83
Part 2 EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY « 111
Chapter 6 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and Race Discrimination 113
Chapter 7 Gender and Family Issues: Title VII and Other Legislation 147
Chapter 8 Discrimination Based on Religion and National Origin &
Procedures Under Title VII 197
Chapter 9 Discrimination Based on Age 245
Chapter 10 Discrimination Based on Disability 267
Chapter 11 Other EEO and Employment Legislation: Federal
and State Laws 299
Part 3 LABOR RELATIONS LAW « 331
Chapter 12 The Rise of Organized Labor and Its Regulatory Framework 333
Chapter 13 The Unionization Process 379
Chapter 14 Unfair Labor Practices by Employers and Unions 407
Chapter 15 Collective Bargaining 455
Chapter 16 Picketing and Strikes 487
Chapter 17 The Enforcement and Administration of the Collective
Agreement 521
Chapter 18 The Rights of Union Members 557
Chapter 19 Public Sector Labor Relations 589
Brief Contents v
Part 4 EMPLOYMENT LAW ISSUES « 623
Chapter 20 Occupational Safety and Health 625
Chapter 21 The Employee’s Safety Nets: Unemployment and Workers’
Compensation, Social Security and Retirement Plans 657
Chapter 22 The Fair Labor Standards Act 681
Appendices « 709–812
Glossary « 813
Index of Cases « 819
Index of Subjects « 821
vi Brief Contents
Contents vii
CONTENTS
Preface « xvi
Guide to Briefing Cases « xxv
n Part 1 COMMON-LAW EMPLOYMENT ISSUES « 1
Chapter 1 First the Forest, then the Trees:
An Overview of Employment and Labor Law 3
The New Deal and the Rise of the Modern American Union 4
The Post-War Decline of Organized Labor 6
The Resurrection of the Arbitration Remedy 8
Employee Health, Safety, and Welfare 10
• The 2008–2009 Economic Crisis 12
Brave New World 14
• Federal Employment and Labor Law 14
Chapter Review 16
Chapter 2 Employment Contracts and Wrongful Discharge 19
Employment-at-Will and Its Exceptions 19
• Wrongful Discharge Based on Public Policy 20
• Express and Implied Contracts of Employment 25
• Protection for Corporate Whistleblowers 28
Chapter Review 32
Chapter 3 Commonly Committed Workplace Torts 37
Defamation: Libel and Slander 38
Tortious Infliction of Emotional Distress 43
Tortious Interference with Contract 46
Retaliatory Demotion 48
Theft of Trade Secrets 49
Chapter Review 53
Chapter 4 Employee Privacy Rights in the 21st Century 59
Privacy Rights in the Employment Area 60
• Surveillance and Eavesdropping 61
• Monitoring and Reviewing Computer Information and Use 63
Requests for Information from Third Parties 64
Requests for Medical Information 67
Internal Investigations 69
Personnel Files 73
Chapter Review 77
Chapter 5 The Global Perspective: International Employment Law and
American Immigration Policy 83
International Employment Law and Policy 83
• The Alien Tort Claims Act and International Workers’ Rights 85
Global Labor Unions 89
• Union Network International (UNI) 89
Immigration Law and Policy 92
• Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 92
• Employer Compliance with IRCA 93
• Who Enforces U.S. Immigration Laws? 94
• Anatomy of an ICE Raid 96
• State and Local Involvement with Illegal Immigrants 98
• The Legal Arizona Workers Act 100
Chapter Review 102
n Part 2 EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY « 111
Chapter 6 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and Race Discrimination 113
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 113
• Coverage of Title VII 114
• Administration of Title VII 115
• Discrimination Under Title VII 116
• Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications (BFOQs) 117
Unintentional Discrimination: Disparate Impact 117
• Section 703(K) and Disparate Impact Claims 121
• Validating Job Requirements 123
• The “Bottom Line” and Discrimination 127
Seniority and Title VII 129
Mixed-Motive Cases Under Title VII 133
Retaliation Under Title VII 134
Affirmative Action and Title VII 135
Other Provisions of Title VII 140
Chapter Review 141
viii Contents
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Gender and Family Issues: Title VII and Other Legislation 147
Gender Discrimination 147
• Dress Codes and Grooming Requirements 147
• Gender as a BFOQ 148
• Gender Stereotyping 149
• “Gender-Plus” Discrimination 153
Gender Discrimination in Pay 154
• The Equal Pay Act 154
• Defenses Under the Equal Pay Act 157
• Procedures Under the Equal Pay Act 159
• Remedies 160
• Title VII and the Equal Pay Act 161
• Gender-Based Pension Benefits 162
Pregnancy Discrimination 164
• Pregnancy and Hazardous Working Conditions 165
The Family and Medical Leave Act 166
• FMLA Coverage 166
• Entitlement to Medical Leave 167
• Military Leave Provisions 168
• Notice Requirements for FMLA Leave 169
• Job Restoration Requirements 170
• Effect of Other Laws on the FMLA 172
• State Legislation 172
Sexual Harassment 173
• Quid Pro Quo Harassment 175
• Hostile Environment Harassment 176
• Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment 178
• Employer Responses to Sexual Harassment Claims 182
• Provocation 184
• Conduct of a Sexual Nature 184
• Remedies for Sexual Harassment 186
• Sexual Orientation, Sexual Preference, and Sexual Identity Discrimination 187
• Other Gender-Discrimination Issues 190
Chapter Review 192
Chapter 8 Discrimination Based on Religion and National
Origin & Procedures Under Title VII 197
Discrimination on the Basis of Religion 197
• Exceptions for Religious Preference and Religious Employers 198
Discrimination Based on National Origin 207
• Definition 208
• Disparate Impact 211
• English-Only Rules 212
• The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and Discrimination
Based on National Origin or Citizenship 214
Enforcement of Title VII 215
• The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 215
• Procedures Under Title VII 216
• EEOC Procedure and Its Relation to State Proceedings 217
• EEOC Procedure for Handling Complaints 220
Burdens of Proof: Establishing a Case 222
• Disparate Treatment Claims 222
• Disparate Impact Claims 226
• Arbitration of Statutory EEO Claims 228
• Remedies Under Title VII 232
• Compensatory and Punitive Damages 233
• Remedial Seniority 236
• Legal Fees 236
• Class Actions 236
• Public Employees Under Title VII 237
Chapter Review 239
Chapter 9 Discrimination Based on Age 245
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act 245
• Coverage 245
• Provisions 246
• Procedures Under the ADEA 258
• Remedies Under the ADEA 261
Chapter Review 262
Chapter 10 Discrimination Based on Disability 267
The Americans with Disabilities Act 267
• Coverage 267
• Provisions 268
Qualified Individual with a Disability 269
Definition of Disability 269
• The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 270
Medical Exams and Tests 273
Reasonable Accommodation 273
• Undue Hardship 277
Defenses Under the ADA 278
• Direct Threat to Safety or Health of Others 278
• Job-Related Criteria 279
• Food Handler Defense 279
• Religious Entities 279
Enforcement of the ADA 280
The Rehabilitation Act 280
x Contents
Contents xi
• Provisions 281
• AIDS and the Disability Discrimination Legislation 284
• State Disability Discrimination Legislation 285
• Drug Abuse and Drug Testing 285
Chapter Review 292
Chapter 11 Other EEO and Employment Legislation:
Federal and State Laws 299
The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1870 299
• Section 1981 299
• Section 1983 300
• Section 1985(c) 301
• Procedure Under Sections 1981 and 1983 301
Executive Order No. 11246 302
• Equal Employment Requirements 302
• Affirmative Action Requirements 303
• Procedure Under Executive Order No. 11246 303
Employment Discrimination Because of Military Service: The Uniformed Services
Employment and Reemployment Rights Act 304
• The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act 305
The National Labor Relations Act 309
Constitutional Prohibitions Against Discrimination 309
• Due Process and Equal Protection 309
• Affirmative Action and the Constitution 310
• Other Constitutional Issues 312
• State EEO and Employment Laws 315
Other Employment Legislation 316
• Whistleblower Laws 316
• Criminal Record 318
• Polygraph Testing 319
• Honesty Testing 323
• Off-Duty Conduct 324
• Guns at Work Laws 326
Chapter Review 327
n Part 3 LABOR RELATIONS LAW « 331
Chapter 12 The Rise of Organized Labor and Its Regulatory Framework 333
Labor Development in America 333
• The Post–Civil War Period 334
Recent Trends in the Labor Movement 337
Legal Responses to the Labor Movement 339
• Injunctions 339
• Yellow-Dog Contracts 339
• Antitrust Laws 340
The Development of the National Labor Relations Act 342
• The Norris–La Guardia Act 342
• The Railway Labor Act 345
• The National Industrial Recovery Act 346
• The National Labor Board 347
• The “Old” National Labor Relations Board 348
The National Labor Relations Act 348
• Overview of the National Labor Relations Act 349
The National Labor Relations Board 351
• Organization 351
• Procedures 354
• Jurisdiction 358
• Preemption and the NRLA 370
Chapter Review 373
Chapter 13 The Unionization Process 379
Exclusive Bargaining Representative 379
• Employees’ Choice of Bargaining Agent 380
• Rules that Bar Holding an Election 383
• Defining the Appropriate Bargaining Unit 385
• Voter Eligibility 391
Representation Elections 392
• Decertification of the Bargaining Agent 396
• Acquiring Representation Rights Through Unfair Labor Practice Proceedings 397
Chapter Review 401
Chapter 14 Unfair Labor Practices by Employers and Unions 407
Section 7: Rights of Employees 408
Sections 8(A)(1) and 8(B)(1): Violation of Employee Rights by Employers
or Unions 414
• Antiunion Remarks by Employer 414
• Employer Limitations on Soliciting and Organizing 416
• Other Section 8(A)(1) Violations 421
• Union Coercion of Employees and Employers 423
• Section 8(A)(2): Employer Domination of Labor Unions 426
• Sections 8(A)(3) and 8(B)(2): Discrimination in Terms or Conditions of
Employment 431
• Discrimination in Employment to Encourage Union Membership 433
• Discrimination in Employment to Discourage Union Membership 435
• Strikes as Protected Activity 436
xii Contents
Contents xiii
Other Unfair Labor Practices 442
• Employer Reprisals Against Employees 443
• Excessive Union Dues or Membership Fees 443
• Featherbedding 443
• Remedies for Unfair Labor Practices 444
• Reinstatement 445
• Back Pay 447
• Delay Problems in NLRB Remedies 448
Chapter Review 450
Chapter 15 Collective Bargaining 455
The Duty to Bargain 455
• Bargaining in Good Faith 456
• The Nature of the Duty to Bargain in Good Faith 464
Subject Matter of Bargaining 465
• Mandatory Bargaining Subjects 466
• Permissive Bargaining Subjects 471
• Prohibited Bargaining Subjects 472
• Modification of Collective Agreements 473
• Bargaining Remedies 476
Antitrust Aspects of Collective Bargaining 478
Chapter Review 481
Chapter 16 Picketing and Strikes 487
Pressure Tactics 487
• Strikes in the Health-Care Industry 488
The Legal Protection of Strikes 488
• The Norris–La Guardia Act 489
• The National Labor Relations Act 490
• Picketing Under the NLRA 494
• Remedies for Secondary Activity 512
National Emergencies 512
Chapter Review 513
Chapter 17 The Enforcement and Administration of the Collective Agreement 521
Arbitration 521
• Interest Arbitration Versus Rights Arbitration 522
• Rights Arbitration and the Grievance Process 522
The Courts and Arbitration 524
• Judicial Enforcement of No-Strike Clauses 529
• The NLRB and Arbitration 532
Changes in the Status of Employers 536
• Successor Employers 536
Bankruptcy and the Collective Agreement 541
• Bankruptcy and Retiree Benefits 549
Chapter Review 551
Chapter 18 The Rights of Union Members 557
Protection of the Rights of Union Members 557
• The Union’s Duty of Fair Representation 558
Rights of Union Members 571
• Union Discipline of Members 571
• Union Members’ Bill of Rights 571
• Other Restrictions on Unions 577
Chapter Review 580
Chapter 19 Public Sector Labor Relations 589
Government as Employer 589
Federal Government Labor Relations 592
• Historical Background 592
• The Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Act 593
• Judicial Review of FLRA Decisions 601
• The Hatch Act 601
• Union Security Provisions 602
• Federal Labor Relations and National Security 604
State Public Sector Labor Relations Legislation 609
• Coverage of State Laws 609
• Representation Issues 610
Public Employees and First Amendment Free Speech Rights 614
Chapter Review 618
n Part 4 EMPLOYMENT LAW ISSUES « 623
Chapter 20 Occupational Safety and Health 625
Policy and Processes of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 626
• Administration and Enforcement 627
• Employee Rights 632
• Inspections, Investigations, and Recordkeeping 636
• Citations, Penalties, Abatement, and Appeal 642
• Workplace Violence 643
Chapter Review 651
xiv Contents
Chapter 21 The Employee’s Safety Nets: Unemployment and Workers’
Compensation, Social Security, and Retirement Plans 657
Unemployment Compensation 659
• Litigating Unemployment Claims 660
Workers’ Compensation 663
• Federal Preemption of Workers’ Compensation Claims 666
Social Security 667
• Retirement Insurance Benefits 668
• Medicare 668
• Disability 669
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) 670
• Preemption 671
• Fiduciary Responsibility 674
Chapter Review 676
Chapter 22 The Fair Labor Standards Act 681
Background of the FLSA 682
Origin and Purpose of the Fair Labor Standards Act 684
• Coverage 684
• Minimum Wages 689
• Overtime Pay 693
• Exemptions from Overtime and Minimum Wage Provisions 694
• Limitations on Child Labor 697
• Enforcement and Remedies Under the FLSA 703
Chapter Review 705
Appendices 709
Appendix A Civil Rights Act of 1964 709
Appendix B Text of Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1981 724
Appendix C Extracts from the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 726
Appendix D Extracts from the Family and Medical Leave Act 737
Appendix E Extracts from the Americans with Disabilities Act 748
Appendix F Extracts from the Rehabilitation Act 759
Appendix G Text of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 764
Appendix H Text of the National Labor Relations Act 774
Appendix I Text of the Labor Management Relations Act 787
Appendix J Text of the Labor-Management Reporting
and Disclosure Act of 1959 797
Glossary 813
Index of Cases 819
Index of Subjects 821
Contents xv