Emerging Wireless Communication and Network Technologies

Emerging Wireless

Communication

and Network

Technologies

Karm Veer Arya · Robin Singh Bhadoria

Narendra S. Chaudhari Editors

Principle, Paradigm and Performance

Emerging Wireless Communication and Network

Technologies

Karm Veer Arya • Robin Singh Bhadoria

Narendra S. Chaudhari

Editors

Emerging Wireless

Communication and Network

Technologies

Principle, Paradigm and Performance

123

Editors

Karm Veer Arya

Department of Computer Science

and Engineering

Institute of Engineering and Technology

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

India

Robin Singh Bhadoria

Department of Computer Science

and Engineering

Indian Institute of Information Technology

(IIIT) Nagpur

Nagpur, Maharashtra

India

Narendra S. Chaudhari

Visvesvaraya National Institute

of Technology

Nagpur, Maharashtra

India

ISBN 978-981-13-0395-1 ISBN 978-981-13-0396-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0396-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940342

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Preface

This edited book on “Emerging Wireless Communication and Network

Technologies: Principle, Paradigm and Performance” aims to discuss a broader

view of all futuristic wireless communication and network technologies being used.

Moreover, this book would be helpful for the future research to be done in the field

of communication engineering. It also explores the recent progress in several

computing technologies and evaluates the performance based on previous devel￾opment. This book also covers a wide range of topics such as cognitive radio

networks, mobile opportunistic and reliable cooperative networks.

This book starts with advancements in wireless communication that includes the

emerging trends and research direction for wireless technologies. It also briefs about

the importance and need for advancement in technology along with existing basics

of analog and digital signals, frequency, amplitude, encodings, channel access

methods. It also pays a focus on fast and flexible technology like long-term evo￾lution. This book would also present the detailed survey and case studies for current

trends in wireless technology and communications for smart home, secure data

access control in vehicular networks. It also focuses on latest methods for detecting

and avoiding congestion in wireless communication based on stream engineering.

The book consists of three parts with 17 chapters equally focusing on new trends

and explorations, methodologies and implementation, advancement and future

scope. Part I provides recent advancements in wireless technologies and networks,

cognitive radio networks, emerging trends in vehicular networks, 5G technologies,

reliable cooperative networks, and delay-tolerant networks. Part II selects the

chapters from generic design in wearable sensor technology, mobile opportunistic

networks, long-term evolution, and Internet of things. Part III includes the chapter

on security attacks and green generation of wireless communication systems,

software-defined networks, spectrum decision mechanism, and state estimation for

wireless sensor networks.

This book also deliberates the role of wireless communication technology in

day-to-day human life. Some of the features of this book are as follows:

v

• Detailed survey for the wide variety of wireless and network technologies.

• Concepts and visualization of wireless communications into current trends like

Li-Fi technology and intelligent transportation systems.

• Helpful for young researchers and practitioners especially in the area of security

attacks for wireless networks.

• Talks about wearable sensor technology, cognitive radio networks, Internet of

things, and many more.

• Different case studies for experimental wireless communication system in

software-defined networking, state estimation and anomaly detection in wireless

sensor network, green generation of wireless communication systems, etc.

We honestly believe that readers of today, as well as the future, would have interest

in emerging wireless communication and network technologies. This book would

also be useful in building new concept and perception to forthcoming advance￾ments in the modern era of communication. We wish all readers of this book the

very best in their journey of wireless communication and network technologies.

Lucknow, India Karm Veer Arya

Nagpur, India Robin Singh Bhadoria

Nagpur, India Narendra S. Chaudhari

vi Preface

Contents

Part I Wireless Technology and Communications—Explorations

& Trends

Advancement in Wireless Technologies and Networks .............. 3

Bathula Siva Kumar Reddy

Cognitive Radio Network Technologies and Applications............ 13

Rajorshi Biswas and Jie Wu

Emerging Trends in Vehicular Communication Networks ........... 37

Marco Giordani, Andrea Zanella, Takamasa Higuchi, Onur Altintas

and Michele Zorzi

An Overview of 5G Technologies ............................. 59

Huu Quy Tran, Ca Van Phan and Quoc-Tuan Vien

Design and Application for Reliable Cooperative Networks .......... 81

Dinh-Thuan Do

Semantics for Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) .................... 101

Priyanka Rathee

Part II Wireless Technology and Communications—Methodologies

& Implementations

Architectural Building Protocols for Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) ........... 127

Mayank Swarnkar, Robin Singh Bhadoria and Karm Veer Arya

Infrastructure in Mobile Opportunistic Networks ................. 139

Antriksh Goswami, Ruchir Gupta and Gopal Sharan Parashari

Generic Design and Advances in Wearable Sensor Technology ....... 155

Siddig Gomha and Khalid M. Ibrahim

vii

Realizing the Wireless Technology in Internet of Things (IoT) ....... 173

Dimitrios G. Kogias, Emmanouel T. Michailidis, Gurkan Tuna

and Vehbi Cagri Gungor

Fast and Flexible Initial Uplink Synchronization for Long-Term

Evolution ................................................ 193

Md. Mashud Hyder and Kaushik Mahata

Part III Wireless Technology and Communications—Advancement

& Future Scope

Toward a “Green” Generation of Wireless Communications

Systems ................................................. 215

Fernando Gregorio and Juan Cousseau

Security Attacks on Wireless Networks and Their

Detection Techniques ....................................... 241

Rizwan Ur Rahman and Deepak Singh Tomar

Spectrum Decision Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Networks ........ 271

Rafael Aguilar-Gonzalez and Victor Ramos

Vehicular Networks to Intelligent Transportation Systems........... 297

Felipe Cunha, Guilherme Maia, Heitor S. Ramos, Bruno Perreira,

Clayson Celes, André Campolina, Paulo Rettore, Daniel Guidoni,

Fernanda Sumika, Leandro Villas, Raquel Mini and Antonio Loureiro

State Estimation and Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor

Networks ................................................ 317

Aditi Chatterjee and Kiranmoy Das

Experimental Wireless Network Deployment of Software-Defined

and Virtualized Networking in 5G Environments ................. 335

Flávio Meneses, Carlos Guimarães, Daniel Corujo and Rui L. Aguiar

viii Contents

About the Editors

Prof. Karm Veer Arya received his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology

Kanpur (IITK), India, and his Master’s from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc),

Bangalore, India. His research areas include Image Processing, Biometrics,

Information Security, and Wireless Ad hoc Networks. He is currently working as a

Professor at the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET), Lucknow, and as

Dean of PG Studies and Research, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has

published more than 150 papers in international journals and conferences and

supervised 6 Ph.D. scholars and more than 100 Master’s students. In addition, he

has completed several funded research projects.

Robin Singh Bhadoria has worked in various fields including Data Mining, Cloud

Computing, Service-Oriented Architectures, Wireless Sensor Networks. He has

published more than 60 research articles in the form of chapters, conference, and

journal papers and has released 3 edited books. Most recently, he completed his

Ph.D. in the discipline of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute

of Technology Indore (IITI), Madhya Pradesh, India.

Prof. Narendra S. Chaudhari has more than 35 years of academic and research

experience. He was Professor of Computer Science in the Ministry of Defense

(Government of India) M.Sc. DRDO Program from 1990 to 2001 and has been

Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of

Technology Indore (IITI) since 2009. He has also been a member of the Computer

Engineering Faculty at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, since

2002–2009. He has also been the Director of Visvesvaraya National Institute of

Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, since 2013. His research con￾tributions are in the areas of Algorithms and Graph Theory, Network Security and

Mobile Computing, Novel Neural Network Models, Context-free Grammar

Parsing, and Optimization. He has authored more than 340 research publications.

ix

Part I

Wireless Technology and

Communications—Explorations & Trends

Advancement in Wireless Technologies

and Networks

Bathula Siva Kumar Reddy

Abstract This chapter discusses the emerging trends and research direction for

advanced wireless technologies. This chapter also presents the necessity of spectral

efficiency for next-generation wireless technologies by discussing different spec￾trum sensing techniques. Moreover, a recent survey reveals that almost 70% of the

available spectrum is not utilized efficiently. Therefore, more research is needed

to determine whether the spectrum is being used by primary user or not for effi￾cient utilization of spectrum. This chapter analyses the sensing by identifying a few

situations, and then these behaviours have been reported to the operator for fur￾ther action. Generally, spectrum sensing techniques are classified into three such as

transmitter detection, receiver detection and interference temperature detection. This

chapter mainly focuses on the performance analysis of transmitter-based detection

techniques, such as matched detection, energy detection and cyclostationary detec￾tion. In addition, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for various number of

sensing samples are presented in this chapter.

Keywords Cyclostationary detection · Cognitive radio · Energy detection

Matched detection · ROC · Spectrum sensing

1 Introduction

The communications are broadly divided into two categories, namely, wired and

wireless communications (see Fig. 1). The wireless systems mainly include satellite

systems, cellular systems, paging systems, Bluetooth and wireless LANs [1]. Recent

researchers are mainly focussing on performance issues of wireless LANs, i.e. wire￾less fidelity (Wi-Fi) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX)

[2]. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE standard 802.11 while WIMAX is based on IEEE

802.16. Both standards are designed for the Internet protocol applications. Both

B. Siva Kumar Reddy (B)

Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and

Management (IITRAM), Ahmadabad 380026, Gujarat, India

e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

K. V. Arya et al. (eds.), Emerging Wireless Communication and Network Technologies,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0396-8_1

3

4 B. Siva Kumar Reddy

Fig. 1 A detailed review of literature

Wi-Fi and WiMAX wireless networks support real-time applications such as Voice

over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and are frequently used for wireless Internet access

[3]. The WiMAX standard provides fixed services (IEEE 802.16d-2004) as well

as mobility services (IEEE 802.16e-2005). The WiMAX standard provides fixed

services (IEEE 802.16d-2004) as well as mobility services (IEEE 802.16e-2005).

However, WiMAX has some issues, namely, frame allocation, scheduling, traffic

management, security and performance issues [4].

1.1 Need for Advancement in Wireless Technologies

The performance metrics such as packet loss, throughput and delay of WiMAX

are measured on the basis of optimal boundary per WiMAX cell under different

WiMAX network models. The performance metrics considered are spectral effi￾ciency, throughput, transmit power, percentage of successful links, PAPR, BER,

Advancement in Wireless Technologies and Networks 5

SNR and CINR. This chapter mainly focusses on spectrum sensing techniques to

achieve better spectral efficiency [5].

Recently, there is a lot of demand for tremendous technologies such as 3G, 4G

and 5G, where voice-only communications are transitioned into multimedia type

applications [6, 7]. These applications may be mobile TV, mobile P2P, streaming

multimedia, video games, video monitors, interactive video, 3D services and video

sharing. These high data rate applications consume more and more energy to guar￾antee quality of service [8]. However, the current frequency allocation schemes are

unable to handle the requirements of recent higher data rate systems due to the

limitations of the frequency spectrum.

Therefore, more efforts are kept on efficient frequency spectrum usage, and then

a solution is found by Joseph Mittola [9], in the name of cognitive radio. The basic

definition given by him is that cognitive radio (CR) is a type of a transceiver which

can intelligently sense or detect unusable communication channel, and instantly

allocate those channels to the unlicensed users without disturbing occupied channels

[10]. Though there is no formal meaning of cognitive radio, various definitions can

be seen in several contexts. A cognitive radio is, as defined by the researchers at

Virginia Tech, ‘A software defined radio with a cognitive engine brain’ [11, 12]. The

evolution of SDR in current technologies is provided in Fig. 2. The physical, data

link and network layers of OSI model can be implemented by using SDR as shown in

Fig. 3. The SDR Forum proposed a multi-tiered definition of SDR by providing the

use of open architectures for advanced wireless systems and supports deployment

and development [13–15]. An abstraction of the five-tier definition is illustrated in

Fig. 4, where the length of the arrow represents the distribution of the software

content within the radio [16].

Software-defined radio architecture comprises three sections such as radio fre￾quency (RF), intermediate frequency (IF) and baseband section [17, 18]. It is observed

from Fig. 5 that an RF signal received by smart antenna is sent to the hardware (here

USRP) in which various components are inbuilt such as daughterboard, ADC/DAC,

FPGAs, DSPs and ASICs. This hardware converts RF signal to IF signal and then to

low-frequency baseband signal (digitized) and that will be sent to a personal computer

(PC) for baseband signal processing in the transmitter (Tx) path. In this experimen￾tation, an open-source software, GNU Radio, is employed as a software to perform

baseband processing in which most of the signal processing blocks are inbuilt. All

the reverse operations are performed in receiver (Rx) path such that baseband signal

is converted to analogue by DAC and then sent into the air by RF hardware.

2 Emerging Trends and Research Direction for Wireless

Technologies

A simple and typical dynamic spectrum access (DSA) network consists of a pair of

primary user (PU) or licensed user and a pair of secondary user (SU) or unlicensed

user and both are operated at the same frequency band. The PU has higher priority

6 B. Siva Kumar Reddy

Fig. 2 Evolution of SDR in current technology

Fig. 3 The open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model

to access the spectrum, as it is a licensed user. Several spectrum sensing techniques

are broadly classified into three such as transmitter detection, receiver detection and

Advancement in Wireless Technologies and Networks 7

Fig. 4 SDR definition

Fig. 5 Signal processing in software defined radio

interference temperature detection as shown in Fig. 6. However, this chapter presents

the performance analysis of transmitter sensing techniques such as energy detection,

matched filter detection and cyclostationary feature detection.