Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius

Electronic

Circuits for the

Evil Genius™

Evil Genius™ Series

Bike, Scooter, and Chopper Projects for the Evil Genius

Bionics for the Evil Genius: 25 Build-It-Yourself Projects

Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius, Second Edition: 64 Lessons with Projects

Electronic Gadgets for the Evil Genius: 28 Build-It-Yourself Projects

Electronic Sensors for the Evil Genius: 54 Electrifying Projects

50 Awesome Auto Projects for the Evil Genius

50 Green Projects for the Evil Genius

50 Model Rocket Projects for the Evil Genius

51 High-Tech Practical Jokes for the Evil Genius

46 Science Fair Projects for the Evil Genius

Fuel Cell Projects for the Evil Genius

Holography Projects for the Evil Genius

Mechatronics for the Evil Genius: 25 Build-It-Yourself Projects

Mind Performance Projects for the Evil Genius: 19 Brain-Bending Bio Hacks

MORE Electronic Gadgets for the Evil Genius: 40 NEW Build-It-Yourself Projects

101 Outer Space Projects for the Evil Genius

101 Spy Gadgets for the Evil Genius

125 Physics Projects for the Evil Genius

123 PIC® Microcontroller Experiments for the Evil Genius

123 Robotics Experiments for the Evil Genius

PC Mods for the Evil Genius: 25 Custom Builds to Turbocharge Your Computer

PICAXE Microcontroller Projects for the Evil Genius

Programming Video Games for the Evil Genius

Recycling Projects for the Evil Genius

Solar Energy Projects for the Evil Genius

Telephone Projects for the Evil Genius

30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius

25 Home Automation Projects for the Evil Genius

22 Radio and Receiver Projects for the Evil Genius

Electronic

Circuits for the

Evil Genius™

,

Second Edition

64 Lessons with Projects

Dave Cutcher

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Dave Cutcher is a retired high school shop teacher. He always coaxed his students to

believe in themselves and that success in life was not limited to school. He taught young

people and electronics was just the topic. Currently living in British Columbia, he teaches

night school courses and does volunteer work within the community. People comment that

he always thinks outside of the box. His reply, “What box?” As a life long learner and adult

with ADHD, he is interested in everything because everything is interesting.

About the Author

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vii

Contents at a Glance

PART ONE Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Resist If You Must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 More Components and Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Two Projects and Then Some More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

PART TWO Introduction to Digital Electronics. . 57

5 Digital Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

6 The First NAND Gate Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7 Analog Switches for Digital Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

8 The NAND Gate Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

9 How Do We Understand What We Can’t See? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

10 Digital Logic Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

PART THREE Counting Systems in Electronics . . 145

11 Introducing an Analog-to-Digital Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

12 The 4017 Walking Ring Counter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

13 Running a Seven-Segment Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

14 Define, Design, and Make Your Own Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

PART FOUR Amplifiers: What They Are

and How to Use Them . . . . . . . . . . . 195

15 What Is an Amplifier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

16 Exploring the Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

17 Applying the Op Amp: Building the Intercom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

18 Prototype and Design: Patience Has Its Rewards . . . . . . . . . . 247

PART FIVE Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

A Common Component Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

B Capacitors: Reading and Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

C Animations List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

D Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

E Make Your Own Printed Circuit Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

viii Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius

Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Common Components, Symbols, and Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

PART ONE Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lesson 1 Inventory of Parts Used in Part One. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lesson 2 Major Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Lesson 3 Your First Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Resist If You Must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Lesson 4 Reading Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Lesson 5 The Effect Resistors Have on a Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Lesson 6 The Potentiometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Lesson 7 Light-Dependent Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 More Components and Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Lesson 8 Capacitors and Push Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Lesson 9 Introducing Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Lesson 10 The PNP Transistor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Lesson 11 The Phototransistor: Shedding Some Light on Another Component. . 38

4 Two Projects and Then Some More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Lesson 12 Your First Project: The Automatic Night Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Lesson 13 Specialized Transistors—The SCR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Lesson 14 The Regulated Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

PART TWO Introduction to Digital Electronics. . 57

5 Digital Logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Lesson 15 A Spoiled Billionaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Lesson 16 The Basic Digital Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Lesson 17 Integrated Circuits CMOS ICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

6 The First NAND Gate Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Lesson 18 Building the First NAND Gate Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Lesson 19 Testing the Input at Test Point 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Lesson 20 Test Point 2—The NAND Gate Processor at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

ix

Lesson 21 Test Point 3—Introducing the Resistor/Capacitor Circuit . . . . . . . . . . 83

Lesson 22 Test Point 4—The Inputs Are Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

7 Analog Switches for Digital Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Lesson 23 Understanding Voltage Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Lesson 24 Create a Light-Sensitive Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Lesson 25 The Touch Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

8 The NAND Gate Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Lesson 26 Building the NAND Gate Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Lesson 27 Understanding the NAND Gate Oscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

9 How Do We Understand What We Can’t See? . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Lesson 28 Controlling the Flash Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Lesson 29 Create a Sound Output and Annoy the Person Next to You. . . . . . . . . 110

Lesson 30 Introducing the Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Lesson 31 Scoping Out the Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Lesson 32 Using a Transistor to Amplify the Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Lesson 33 The Photo Transistor: You Can’t Do This with an LDR . . . . . . . . . . . 124

10 Digital Logic Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Lesson 34 Design—Systems and Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Lesson 35 Consider What Is Realistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Lesson 36 Building Your Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

PART THREE Counting Systems in Electronics . . 145

11 Introducing an Analog-to-Digital Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Lesson 37 Introducing Possibilities—Electronics That Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Lesson 38 RC1—Creating the Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Lesson 39 Introducing the 4046 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

12 The 4017 Walking Ring Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Lesson 40 Introducing the Walking Ring 4017 Decade Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Lesson 41 Understanding the Clock Signal Used by the 4017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Lesson 42 Controlling the Count—Using the Chip’s Control Inputs . . . . . . . . . . 166

13 Running a Seven-Segment Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Lesson 43 Introducing the Seven-Segment LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Lesson 44 Control the Seven-Segment Display Using the 4511 BCD . . . . . . . . . 170

Lesson 45 Decimal to Binary—The 4516 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Lesson 46 The Displays Automatically Fade Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

14 Define, Design, and Make Your Own Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Lesson 47 Defining and Designing Your Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Lesson 48 Your Project: If You Can Define It, You Can Make It!. . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

x Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius

PART FOUR Amplifiers: What They Are

and How to Use Them . . . . . . . . . . . 195

15 What Is an Amplifier? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Lesson 49 Transistors as Amplifiers and Defining Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Lesson 50 Defining Work, Force, and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Lesson 51 What Do I Have to Gain?: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Lesson 52 The World Is Analog, So Analog Is the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

16 Exploring the Op Amp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Lesson 53 Alternating Current Compared with Direct Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Lesson 54 AC in a DC Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Lesson 55 Setting Up the Operational Amplifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Lesson 56 Using Feedback to Control Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

17 Applying the Op Amp: Building the Intercom. . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Lesson 57 Building a Power Amplifier Controlled by an Op Amp. . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Lesson 58 The Electret Microphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Lesson 59 Using the Speaker as a Microphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Lesson 60 Introducing Transformers and Putting It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

18 Prototype and Design: Patience Has Its Rewards . . . . . . . . . 247

Lesson 61 Systems and Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Lesson 62 Switching to the Two-Way Door Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Lesson 63 Design and Applications: Exploring the Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Lesson 64 Assembling the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

PART FIVE Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

A Common Component Packaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Potentiometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

B Capacitors: Reading and Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Reading Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Tolerance: Quality and Accuracy of Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

C Animations List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Related Animations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

D Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

E Make Your Own Printed Circuit Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Contents xi