Effects of organic insecticides on the performance of soybean (Glycine Max L.) varieties in Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam condition

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EFFECTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES ON THE PERFORMANCE

OF SOYBEAN (Glycine Max L.) VARIETIES IN THAI NGUYEN,

VIETNAM CONDITION

A Thesis

presented toThe Faculty of the

Graduate Studies and Applied Research

LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Siniloan, Laguna

Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master in Science in Agriculture

Major in Crop Science

THANH TRUNG DAM

November 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to express her heartfelt and warmest gratitude to the

following persons who gave their valuable suggestions, immeasurable support,

and for the strength and inspiration to finish this study.

Dr. Nestor M. De Vera, University President, for his valuable ideas,

comments, and suggestions for the improvement of this study.

Dr. Lolita L. Beato, Dean of College of Agriculture and Adviser, for her

guidance, motivation, valuable ideas and suggestions to make this study

complete.

Dr. Robert C. Agatep, Statistician, for the encouragement, patience and

for helping her on the analysis and interpretation of data.

Dr. Carlos J. Andam, Subject Specialist, for his brilliant ideas, comments

and suggestions for the improvement of this study.

Prof. Lydia R. Chavez, Technical Editor, for her comments and

suggestions on the technical aspect of this study.

Thanks to the farmers for lending his land area for the conduct of this study.

Lastly, the author would like to thank his parents who always love,

comfort, encourage and support in everything he needs to complete this study.

THANH TRUNG DAM

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ABSTRACT

DAM THANH TRUNG, Laguna State Polytechnic University, Siniloan,

Laguna. NOVEMBER 2014. “EFFECTS OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES ON

GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine Max L.) VARIETIES IN THAI

NGUYEN CONDITION, VIETNAM”. Adviser: Dr. Lolita L. Beato

This research was conducted in Vietnam from June to October 2014 to

determine the growth and yield performance of three varieties of soybeans using

different sources of insecticides under Thai Nguyen condition in Vietnam.

Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: what are the

significant differences among the performance of three varieties of soybeans?;

which variety and insecticide sources or their combination will give better growth

performance of soybeans in terms of plant height at maturity, number of days

from transplanting to flowering, fruiting and harvesting and number of

branches?; which variety and insecticide sources will give better yield

performance of soybeans in terms of number of pods per plant, length and

weight of pods per plant; weight of soybean seeds and yield per hectare?; which

variety and insecticide sources will give lower number and percentage of

infestation of soybean plants in terms of kinds of insects at different stages of

plant and percentage of infestation a different stages of soybean plant?; are

there significant interaction effects between and or among soybean varieties and

sources of insecticides?; which variety of soybean and insecticide sources or

their combination will be most suitable and economical to use in Thai Nguyen

condition in Vietnam?

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A 3x5 factorial experiment in a Randomized Complete Block design

(RCBD) was used in the study with three finger pepper varieties ( A1- DT22, A2-

DT26 and A3- DT51 variety) and five sources of insecticides B1- control, B2- 50L

hoban 30EC /ha, B3- 50L hocsinh/ha, B4- 50L thaomo/ha and B5- 50L hattao/ha.

Each treatment was replicated four times. Duncans’ Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

was used to determine the significant differences between variety and fertilizer

means.

Result showed that the growth and yield performance of soybean plants

were affected by varieties in terms of plant height, number of days from

transplanting to flowering to fruiting, number of branches, length and weight of

pods. Among the three varieties of soybean plants, DT 22 showed better growth

and yield performance.

Insect infestation of soybean plant is affected by the insecticides applied

at fruiting stage. The yield and economic performance of soybean plants were

affected by varieties and insecticides in terms of number of pods, weight of

soybean seeds, yield per hectare, net income and return on expenses.

Interaction effect was present in insect infestation at vegetative and

flowering stage of soybean plants. Insect infestation is lower at the application of

organic insecticide.

Total sale, net income and return on expense of soybeans increased at

the application of insecticide with the rate of 50L hocsinh/ha.

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Since the growth, yield and economic performance of soybeans were

significantly affected by varieties and fertilizer in terms of plant height, number of

days from transplanting to flowering to fruiting, number of branches, length and

weight of pods, number of pods per plant, weight of soybean seeds, yield per

hectare, net income and return on expenses, the use of DT 22 variety and

application of organic insecticide Hocsinc (chilli, garlic, corn bran and egg shell)

at the rate of 50L/ha is being recommended.

Replication of the same study in other areas and field is also

recommended.

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most valuable grain legume and the third

crop in importance after rice (Oryza sativa) and corn (Zea mays L.) in Vietnam. It

is a rich source of oil and protein. It is also processed into popular products in

Vietnam such as soya-cheese, soya-cake, soya-milk, and cooking oil.In Vietnam,

soybean is grown in about 130,000 ha, of which 42,000 ha (33%) is grown in the

south of the country, consisting of the Eastern region and the Mekong Delta (Yen

Thao, 2004).

Vegetable soybean is rich in phytochemicals beneficial to the human

being and is therefore considered a neutraceutical or a functional food crop.

Edamame (vegetable soy bean) is well established legume in the human diet in

Asia . The positive health benefits of soy have greatly increased consumer

awareness of soy products and created a market potential for soy products

(Beckman, 1997).

Imports of soybeans in 2011 rose significantly due to the increased

demand from the food processing, livestock, and aquaculture feed industries,

and the vegetable oil industry combined with a zero percent import tariff.

Vietnam’s soybean imports reached a record in 2011, surpassing one million

metric tons (MMT). This represents a 350 percent increase over the previous

year; 22 percent of the total imported volume was sourced from the United

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States. Post expects imports of full-fat soybeans to steadily increase in the next

three to five years. Soybean meal imports increased to a record 3.0 MMT to meet

the growing demand from the livestock, and aquaculture feed sectors (Nguyen,

2012).

Demand for imported soybean meal is forecast to fall as new processing

facilities come on-line in Vietnam. Already, we have seen a sharp increase in

soybean imports in preparation for the opening of the first of two processing

plants. Meal production is expected to grow through the latter-half of 2011 and

attain peakproduction the following year. The full impact on meal imports will be

felt in 2012 with an anticipated reduction in trade around 20 percent. This figure

would be lower if not for continued growth in meal demand driven by expansion

in the pork, poultry and aquaculture sectors. Although initial soybean sales have

comepredominately from South America, there remains opportunity for future

growth in U.S. sales to the region (United States Department of Agricuture,

2011).

In 2012, U.S. soybean exports to Vietnam reached a record of 461

thousand metric tons (TMT), double the 2011 level due to high demand from the

two commercial oilseed crushing facilities, and from the food industry. In 2013,

U.S. soybean exports are expected to reach about 500 TMT. In 2012, Vietnam’s

soybean meal (SBM) imports were 2.5 million metric tons (MMT). Post forecasts

2013 and 2014 SBM imports to gradually decrease due, to 2.4 and 2.37 MMT,

respectively, due to local production. Local soy oil production and exports have

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been increasing in recent years as results of larger crush and greater oil

availability. Soy oil exports are projected at 110 TMT and 120 TMT in 2013 and

2014, accordingly (Nguyen, 2012).

Productivity of soybeans in Asia, and particularly Vietnam, is low

compared with elsewhere in the world. Vietnam’s average yields are 1t/ha

compared with 1.3 t/ha in Thailand, 1.75 t/ha in Brazil and 2.25 t/ha in the USA.

This low productivity is a problem because Vietnam needs more soybeans to

satisfy a growing demand for stock feed and to improve the nutrition of the

human population. The reasons for poor production in Vietnam have been clearly

identified. One of the most significant is the fact that the varieties grown in

summer have a growing period too short to produce the maximum yield possible

for the season. Moreover, soybean is invariably treated as secondary to rice, and

so receives less research attention, less fertilizer input, and less effort at insect

control (James, 2006).

With the various problems brought about by the increased use of chemical

inputs, high quality seed production, especially on a commercial scale, should be

through an alternative system, such as organic and biodynamic farming. This

means reduced or zero use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, use of

alternative nutrient sources like green manure crops, animal manure, compost,

and the likes and more natural ways of pest and disease control, and an overall

ecological approach to farming (Fernandez,2002).

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The researcher was encouraged to study on how to increase yield of

soybeans by controlling insect infestation through the use of organic insecticide

under Thai Nguyen condition in Vietnam to help farmers increase their income.

Background of the Study

The demand in the production, consumption and processing of soybean in

Vietnam is increasing. In order to increase soybean production to meet this

demand, Vietnamese farmers are using high amount of chemical fertilizers and

pesticides and intensive cropping practices. However, high-input practices such

as heavy use of chemicals have created a variety of economic, environmental,

ecological and social problems. Furthermore, the increasing costs of chemical

inputs have left farmers helpless, resulting to decreasing seed quality of certain

crops and resulting in the fall of commodity prices and consequently reducing

farm incomes. In addition, in Vietnam, organic/sustainable agriculture is

mistakenly equated with primitive, traditional, or subsistence agriculture and their

low yields. Therefore, most Vietnamese farmers resist adopting sustainable

agriculture for their crop production (Fernandez, 2002).

Soybean is a crop of one plant species, however, differences caused by

variety selection, planting date, cultural techniques, site, and season makes the

crop highly variable in it's attractiveness to insect pests. In other words, all

soybean fields are not alike, as far as attracting and building-up pest insects is

concerned. If the organic soybean farmer recognizes these differences, he can

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actually plan to manage the crop for reduced insect pest numbers or, when this is

not possible, he can predict which of his fields are attractive and may need more

attention to prevent yield loss. The organic soybean grower can normally rely

upon reducing soybean attractiveness to pests, as well as beneficial insects to

reduce pest numbers, and the soybean plant’s natural ability to compensate for

insect damage (tolerance). In instances where caterpillar pests are not avoidable,

organically approved Entrust insecticide may be successfully used (Reisig,

2000).

Vietnam began using pesticides as early as the 1950s, when agricultural

production was limited to cooperatives, collective farms, and state farm

enterprises. Under this regime, little knowledge existed of the hazards of

pesticides, and with no regulation system. Application was centrally-run by

brigades of 4-5 farmers who worked in conjunction with the Plant Protection

Department (PPD). The PPD supplied pesticides at subsidized prices and

recommended spraying on a calendar basis, with little or no attention to field

conditions. Brigade interventions generally resulted in high costs but had little

effect on pests and diseases (Chung and Dung, 2002).

Pesticide use has been on the rise in Vietnam, notably over the past

decade with a near doubling of consumption from 1990-1998. Field evidence

has suggested that farmers are also misusing and overusing pesticides in order

to maintain crop yields and production. As a consequence of this growing

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dependence and hap-hazard use of pesticides, the prevalence of health

impairments and environmental damage are mounting (Meisner, 2003).

In addition to the alarming increase in pesticide use, there is also

significant evidence suggesting that the substances being used are harmful to

human health and the environment. In a nation-wide survey conducted by the

PPD in 2000, 2,500 kg of banned pesticides were found (methamidophos, DDT

and other chemicals), along with 4,753 liters and 5,645 kg of illegally imported or

counterfeit pesticides (Plant Protection Department, 2000).

In regards to the health impacts of pesticide use, hospital admission

records in Vietnam trace nearly 11% of all poisonings to pesticide misuse: or

approximately 840 poisonings in 53 cities and provinces in 1999 (Vietnam

Ministry of Health, 2000).

As an alternative to pesticide use, other pest management methods are

possible and appear to be gaining traction in Vietnam. The main appeal to

alternative methods is that the farmer decreases his/her use of pesticides and it

is therefore considered a more “safer” alternative. Examples of other methods

include Integrated Pest Management (IPM: an ecologically-based approach to

control of harmful insects and weeds), biological control (use of natural or

modified organisms, genes, or gene products to reduce the effects of pests and

diseases), or organic methods (farming that avoids the use of synthetic

chemicals and genetically modified organisms (Meisner, 2000).