Effect of different energy to protein ratiosindiet and varying levels of cassava and copra meals at 1 to 21 days of age on the subsequent meat production performance of F1 mia x luong phuong chicken

i

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ENERGY TO PROTEIN RATIOS IN DIETS AND

VARYING LEVELS OF CASSAVA AND COPRA MEALS AT 1 TO 21

DAYS OF AGE ON THE SUBSEQUENT MEAT PRODUCTION

PERFORMANCE OF F1 MIA × LUONG PHUONG CHICKEN

A Dissertation

Presented to the Faculty of the

Graduate Studies and Applied Research

College of Agriculture

LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Siniloan, Laguna

Philippines

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture

Major in Animal Science

NGUYEN THI BICH DAO

December, 2017

ii

Republic of the Philippines

LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Siniloan, Laguna

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

GRADUATE STUDIES AND APPLIED RESEARCH

This dissertation entitled “EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ME TO PROTEIN

RATIOS IN DIETS AND VARYING LEVELS OF CASSAVA AND COPRA MEALS

AT 1 TO 21 DAY OF AGE ON THE SUBSEQUENT MEAT PRODUCTION

PERFORMANCE OF F1 (MIA × LUONG PHUONG) CHICKEN” prepared by

MRS. NGUYEN THI BICH DAO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture, major in Animal Science has been

examined and recommended for acceptance and approval.

NESTOR M. DE VERA, Ph.D.

Adviser

TRAN THANH VAN, Ph.D.

Co-Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with the grade of

NESTOR M. DE VERA, Ph.D.

Chairman

LOLITA L. BEATO, Ph.D. LOLITA D. VIYAR, Ph.D.

Member Member

ROBERT C. AGATEP, Ph.D. VINCENT BRYAN C. CASIMERO, DVM.

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture, major in Animal Science.

LOLITA L. BEATO, Ph.D.

Dean, Graduate Studies

& Applied Research

MA. GRACIELA C. PRADILLADA, R. G. C.

University Registrar III

Research Contribution No.

Passed the Comprehensive Examination

Integrity, Professionalism

and Innovation

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to express her gratitude to all the people who have

helped her to accomplish this dissertation and also made her college life very

colorful. First of all, her sincerest thanks is extended to her adviser President.

Dr. Nestor M. de Vera, for his intellectual insights, valuable advice, constant

encouragement, and hospitality. Grateful acknowledgment is extended to Dr.

Tran Thanh Van, Co-adviser for her constructive suggestions. Heartfelt thanks

to the members of her advisory committee: Dr. Lolita L. Beato, Dr. Robert C.

Agatep and Dr. Lolita D. Vyar for their valuable comments, sincere concern, and

understanding. Likewise, thanks go to the administrative staff of Agriculture

College, and the Faculty of LSPU, Siniloan Campus for their great support.

Special thanks to Dr. Nguyen Thi Thuy My, Prof. Olivia P. Magpily for their

constructive suggestions and warm encouragement. To all the faculty members

of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, TUAF for the permission to go on

study leave. Deepest gratitude to her loving parents and parents in law, to her

sisters, brothers in law, her sisters for all their sacrifices, encouragements and

prayers. Near is extended forever grateful to her loving husband Dr. Nguyen Duc

Truong and her sons, Nguyen Duc Kiet and Nguyen Minh Khoi, for their love and

spiritual support.

Lastly, sincere thanks to all her friends for their help and support during

my stay in the Philippines and in the conduct of experiments.

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DEDICATION

To all my family members

v

ABSTRACT

Two studies were conducted 1) to evaluate the effect of ME to protein

rations in diet from 1 to 21 day of age on production performance and carcass

characteristics of F1 (Mia × Luong Phuong) chicken (Study 1); 2) to determine

the Effect of different cassava and copra meal levels in diet from 1 to 21 day of

age on production performance, caloric efficiency and carcass characteristics

of F1 (male Mia × female Luong Phuong) chicken (Study 2). These studies

attempted to find answers to the specific questions presented in Chapter 1. In

Study 1, 200 day-old, F1 (Mia × Luong Phuong) chicks were randomly allotted

to 1 of 5 treatments following a randomized complete block design (RCBD).

There were 4 replicate cages per treatment with 10 birds in each cage. The

treatments were used in this study were four ratios of ME to CP in diet of 150,

142.5, 135.7, 129.5 and 123.9. In Study 2, 640 day-old, F1 (Mia × Luong

Phuong) chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 16 treatments following a

randomized complete block design (RCBD). The factors that were used in this

study were 4 levels of cassava meal (0, 5, 10 and 10%) and 4 levels of copra

meal (0, 5, 10 and 15%) in booster diets. There were 4 replicate cages per

treatment with 10 birds in each cage.

Results of Study 1 showed that from 1 to 21 day of age of F1 Mia × Luong

Phuong chicks fed diet containing ME to CP ratio of 142.5 had the best (P<0.05)

growth performance, CP utilization, caloric efficiency and economic return.

Ratios of ME to CP in diets of booster diet did not affect on ADFI and livability.

The ratios of ME to CP during booster phase did not affect growth performance

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of grower, finisher phases and carcass yield at day 84 of age. Results of Study

2 showed that replace yellow corn with as much as 10% cassava meal in

booster diet of F1 Mia × Luong Phuong without negatively affecting growth

performance, FCR, livability, CP utilization, caloric efficiency and income over

feed cost. Copra meal in booster diet of F1 Mia × Luong Phuong negative affect

on growth performance, FCR, CP utilization, caloric efficiency and income over

feed cost. Copra meal in booster diet negative affect on feed efficiency of

chicken overall period (1 to 84 days of age). Cassava and copra meals levels in

booster diets did not affect carcass yield at day 84 of age.

Booster diet of F1 Mia × Luong Phuong during 1 to 21 days of age

containing ME to CP ratio of 142.5 to achieve maximum growth performance

and income over feed cost. Yellow corn can replace with 10% cassava meal in

booster diet from 1 to 21 days of age of F1 Mia × Luong Phuong. However, the

price of cassava meal, soybean meal, synthetic amino acids, and supplemental

oil should be considered. Copra meal should not be supplemented in booster

diet of F1 Mia × Luong Phuong.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................... iii

DEDICATION............................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................... ix

LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................x

Chapter 1....................................................................................................1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND..........................................1

Introduction ............................................................................................1

Background of the Study .....................................................................3

Theoretical Framework of the Study..................................................6

Scope and Limitation of the Study ...................................................10

Definition of Terms..............................................................................11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES...................14

Related Literature ...............................................................................14

Related Studies...................................................................................32

METHODOLOGY....................................................................................35

Research Design.................................................................................35

Subject of the study ............................................................................37

Determination of the Sample ............................................................37

Research Procedures ........................................................................38

Data processing and Statistical Analysis ........................................47

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

...................................................................................................................49

This chapter presents, the comparative analyzes, and

interpretation of the data gathered in determining the

effectiveness of energy to protein ratios on production

performance, protein and caloric efficiency, carcass

characteristics, and economic indices of crossbred native

chicken Mia × Luong Phuong. And also in determining the effects

viii

of cassava meal and copra meal levels on production

performance, protein and caloric efficiency, carcass

characteristics, and economic indices of crossbred native

chicken Mia × Luong Phuong. ..........................................................49

Study 1. Effects of ME to protein ratios in diet at 1 to 21 days of

age on production performance and carcass characteristics of F1

Mia × Luong Phuong chicken ...........................................................49

Growth Performance ......................................................................49

Efficiency of Protein Utilization .....................................................52

Caloric Efficiency.............................................................................53

Dressing percentage and carcass yield ......................................54

Economic Analysis..........................................................................54

Study 2. Effect of different cassava and copra meal levels in diet

from 1 to 21 day of age on production performance, caloric

efficiency and carcass characteristics of F1 (male Mia × female

Luong Phuong) chicken .....................................................................56

Growth Performance ......................................................................56

Efficiency of Crude Protein Utilization .........................................61

There were no (P>0.05) cassava × copra meals levels

interaction for any of the crude protein untilization parameters

measured (Table 11)......................................................................61

From 1 to 21 day of age, chicks fed with increasing

concentrations of cassava meal had trend (P=0.07) and linear

reduced crude protein daily intake (Table 13). Chicks fed with

increasing of copra meal concentrations showed significant

difference (P<0.01) in crude protein daily intake. Crude protein

daily intake of chicks decrease linear and quadratic (P<0.05) in

progression copra meal in diets. ..................................................62

There were (P<0.05) significant differences in CP:BW gain

when chicks were fed from 0, 5, 10 and 15% cassava meal in

diets. Progressive cassava meal concentrations showed linear

increase (P<0.01) in CP:BW gain from 1 to 21 day of age

(Table 13). Chicks fed gradient concentrations of copra meal

were significant difference in CP:BW gain from 1 to 21 day of

age. Linear and quadratic were significant (P<0.05) increases

for CP:BW gain from 1 to 21day of age. There was no

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significant (P<0.05) between treatments without and 5% copra

meal in diet.......................................................................................62

Caloric Efficiency.............................................................................63

Dressing Percentage and Carcass Yield ....................................64

Economic Analysis..........................................................................66

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................68

Summary of Findings .........................................................................68

Conclusions .........................................................................................70

BIBILOGRAPHY .....................................................................................73

...................................................................................................................82

APPENDIX OF TABLE ..........................................................................83

CURRICULUM VITAE..........................................................................119

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Ingredients of nutritional value for chicken experiments period

1 to 21 of age

39

2 Ingredients of nutritional value for chicken experiments period

1 to 21 of age

41

3 Effect of varying ME to CP ratios on growth performance from

d 1 to 21 of age

50

4 Overall growth performance of broilers fed with varying ME to

CP ratios from d 1 to 21 of age

51

5 Effect of different energy to crude protein ratios on daily protein

intake and efficiency of protein utilization of chicken

52

6 Effect of different energy to crude protein ratios on daily ME

intake and efficiency of ME utilization of chicken

52

x

7 Effect of different energy to crude protein ratios on carcass 53

8 Economic analysis 54

9 Effect of varying cassava meal and copra meal levels in diets

on growth performance from d 1 to 21 of age

56

10 Overall growth performance of broilers fed with varying

cassava meal and copra meal levels in diets from d 1 to 21 of

age

58

11 Effect of varying cassava meal and copra meal levels in diets

on daily protein intake and efficiency of protein utilization of

chicken

61

12 Effect of varying cassava meal and copra meal levels in diets

on daily ME intake and efficiency of ME utilization of chicken

63

13 Carcass characteristics of chickens fed varying cassava and

copra meals levels diets from day 1 to 21 of age

65

14 Economic analysis 67

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 The conceptual Paradigm of Studies 6

2 Experimental layout of Study 1 36

3 Experimental layout of Study 2 36

1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Poultry production of Viet Nam has been continued significantly

growing at an average of 2.5 % per annum in the last 5 year with about 327.7

million heads in 2014. The meat of poultry was obtained as the second

largest meat sector with 642.5 thousand metric tons (MT) (GSO, 2015).

Significant developments in genetics, management, health and nutrition are

largely responsible for the rapid growth experienced today (Van et al., 2015).

Predilection for using native chicken, hybrid/color chicken of Vietnamese

consumer has induced the amount of these that always accounts for high

percentage in population (Van et al., 2015a). Native chicken such as Ri, Mia,

Ho, Dong Tao etc; color Luong Phuong, Tam Hoang, Kabir, SASO chicken

and hybrid comprise the most popular in semi intensive system in

smallholders of Viet Nam. These groups of chicken account for about 70%

of poultry population (GSO, 2015) but nutrient research for them was

unsystematic. Therefore, no nutrient specification apply for these groups.

Nutrition requirement for native chicken, color chicken and their hybrid were

applied from other group chicken which are found to be incorrect.

Bird responses of economic interest, such as body weight (BW) gain,

feed conversion ratio (FCR) and breast meat yield (BMY) depend on protein

content and biological value (BV) of protein (Mohsen et al, 2012; Vieira et al,

2012). Protein accounts for 20% of body weight of poultry, 16% of egg weight

and more than 1/3 protein in dry matter of animal bone. Therefore, protein is

2

an essential constituent of all tissues of animal body and has major effect on

growth performance of the bird (Jafarnejad et al, 2010; Mohsen et al, 2012).

Since all living tissue is in a dynamic state and is undergoing constant

degeneration, protein is also necessary for its maintenances (McDonal et al.,

1995; Tilden et al, 2000). Beside, birds need energy for every action (flying,

jumping, growing etc) (Jafarnejad et al, 2010) that alter material energy.

Excess metabolizable energy (ME) requirement of body is reserved as

animal fat (McDonal et al., 1995; Tilden et al, 2000). Metabolizable energy

with low density in the diet makes poultry to eat more; but feed consumption

is reduced if feeds are rich in energy. Therefore, the level of energy in the

diet must be balanced with other nutrients such as crude protein, essential

amino acids, and minerals to meet all feed requirements (Leeson and

Summers, 2009)

Previous researches have been conducted to estimate ME to CP ratio

of color chicken from 1 to 70 day of age (Van et al., 2016) but information is

limited for ME to CP ratio of native, color chicken and their cross during the

starter period (1 to 21 days). Whereas, Holsheimer and Ruesink (1993); Kidd

et al (1998) suggested that the quality of diet in earlier feeding phases may

have carryover effects on growth performance and carcass composition.

Leeson and Summers (2009) indicated that a 1 g difference in day 7 body

weight will be multiplied to 3 g at day 18 and 5 g at day 49.

Cassava meal contain 60 to 80% starch on dry matter (DM) of its

composition was considered as potential ingredient. However, cassava was

restrictedly used in diets because of poor protein and essential amino acids

content (Morgan and Choct, 2016). Copra meal is the by-product of oil