Earth's Oldest Rocks

Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15

EARTH’S OLDEST ROCKS

DEVELOPMENTS IN PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY

Advisory Editor Kent Condie

Further titles in this series

1. B.F. WINDLEY and S.M. NAQVI (Editors)

Archaean Geochemistry

2. D.R. HUNTER (Editor)

Precambrian of the Southern Hemisphere

3. K.C. CONDIE

Archean Greenstone Belts

4. A. KRÖNER (Editor)

Precambrian Plate Tectonics

5. Y.P. MEL’NIK

Precambrian Banded Iron-formations. Physicochemical Conditions of Formation

6. A.F. TRENDALL and R.C. MORRIS (Editors)

Iron-Formation: Facts and Problems

7. B. NAGY, R. WEBER, J.C. GUERRERO and M. SCHIDLOWSKI (Editors)

Developments and Interactions of the Precambrian Atmosphere, Lithosphere

and Biosphere

8. S.M. NAQVI (Editor)

Precambrian Continental Crust and Its Economic Resources

9. D.V. RUNDQVIST and F.P. MITROFANOV (Editors)

Precambrian Geology of the USSR

10. K.C. CONDIE (Editor)

Proterozoic Crustal Evolution

11. K.C. CONDIE (Editor)

Archean Crustal Evolution

12. P.G. ERIKSSON, W. ALTERMANN, D.R. NELSON, W.U. MUELLER and

O. CATUNEANU (Editors)

The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events

13. T.M. KUSKY (Editor)

Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks

14. M. LEHTINEN, P.A. NURMI and O.J. RÄMÖ (Editors)

Precambrian Geology of Finland: Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield

Outcrop photograph of Earth’s oldest rocks – folded migmatitic orthogneiss of the 4.0–3.6 Ga Acasta Gneiss

Complex in the Slave Province, northwestern Canada. The Eo- to Paleoarchean tonalitic protoliths were affected

by multiple events of migmatization and deformation from the Paleoarchean through to the Neoarchean. Scale

bar in centimetres. Photo by T. Iizuka. (Frontcover)

View to the southwest from the northeast part of the 3.8–3.7 Ga Isua greenstone belt, of the Itsaq Gneiss Com￾plex, towards the mountains around Godthabsfjord, West Greenland, in the far distance, over 100 km away. In

the foreground, strongly deformed cherty metasedimentary rocks display strong subvertical planar fabrics and

steeply-plunging lineations that formed during Neoarchean orogeny. In the middle distance on the left are black￾weathering amphibolites derived from basaltic pillow lavas. 3.7 Ga tonalitic gneiss form the light coloured terrain

in the centre and right middle distance. For a description of this area, see the paper by Nutman et al. in this

volume. Photograph by John S. Myers. (Backcover)

Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15

EARTH’S OLDEST ROCKS

Edited by

MARTIN J. VAN KRANENDONK

Geological Survey of Western Australia

Perth, Australia

R. HUGH SMITHIES

Geological Survey of Western Australia

Perth, Australia

VICKIE C. BENNETT

Research School of Earth Sciences

The Australian National University

Canberra, Australia

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DEDICATION

M.J. Van Kranendonk would like to dedicate this book

to his father, Jan, for dinnertime stories of the stars

and planets that inspired him with a lifelong interest

in natural science, and to his son, Damian, for

continued inspiration on how to live life, and why.

This page intentionally left blank

vii

CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

D. BAKER

Equity Engineering Ltd., 700-700 West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1G8

R.L. BAUER

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA

([email protected])

R.W. BELCHER

Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X 01,

Matieland 7602, South Africa

V.C. BENNETT

Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia (vickie.

[email protected])

A.W.R. BEVAN

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia 6000,

Australia ([email protected])

M.E. BICKFORD

Department of Earth Sciences, Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1070,

USA ([email protected])

C.O. BÖHM

Manitoba Geological Survey, Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines, 360-1395 Ellice Ave.,

Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3G 3P2 ([email protected])

G.R. BYERLY

Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4101, USA

([email protected])

A.J. CAVOSIE

Department of Geology, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 9017, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA

([email protected])

K.R. CHAMBERLAIN

Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1000 E. University, Dept. 3006, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071,

USA ([email protected])

D.C. CHAMPION

Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia ([email protected])

C. CLOQUET

INW-UGent, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium

viii Contributing Authors

K. CONDIE

Department of Earth & Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology, Socorro, NM

87801, USA ([email protected])

B. CUMMINS

Moly Mines Pty Ltd, PO Box 8215, Subiaco East, Western Australia 6008, Australia

J.C. DANN

90 Old Stow Road, Concord, MA 01742, USA ([email protected])

J. DAVID

GÉOTOP-UQÀM-McGill, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montreal, QC,

Canada, H3C 3P8

G.F. DAVIES

Research School of Earth Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

([email protected])

C.Y. DONG

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Beijing SHRIMP Cen￾tre, Beijing 100037, China

A. DZIGGEL

Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstrasse 2, 52062 Aachen,

Germany ([email protected])

C.M. FEDO

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA

([email protected])

D. FRANCIS

Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University and GÉOTOP-UQÀM-McGill, 3450 University St., Montreal,

QC, Canada, H3A 2A7

C.R.L. FRIEND

45, Stanway Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 8HU, UK

A. GLIKSON

Department of Earth and Marine Science and Planetary Science Institute, Australian National University,

Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia ([email protected])

W.L. GRIFFIN

Key Centre for the Geochemical Evolution and Metallogeny of Continents (GEMOC), Department of Earth

and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia ([email protected])

T.L. GROVE

Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

MA 02139, USA ([email protected])

V.L. HANSEN

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, 231 Heller Hall, 1114 Kirby Drive,

Duluth, MN 55812, USA ([email protected])

S.L. HARLEY

Grant Institute of Earth Science, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains

Road, UK ([email protected])

Contributing Authors ix

R.P. HARTLAUB

Department of Mining Technology, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Avenue, Burn￾aby, BC, Canada, V5G 3H2 ([email protected])

L.M. HEAMAN

Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, 4-18 Earth Science Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

AB, Canada, T6G 2E3 ([email protected])

A.H. HICKMAN

Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia

H. HIDAKA

Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Sciences, University of Hiroshima, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi￾Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan

A. HOFMANN

School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa

([email protected])

K. HORIE

Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Sciences, University of Hiroshima, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi￾Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; Department of Science and Engineering, The National Science Museum, 3-23-1,

Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan

D.L. HUSTON

Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia ([email protected])

T. IIZUKA

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo

152-8551, Japan ([email protected])

B.S. KAMBER

Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada, P3E

2C6 ([email protected])

N.M. KELLY

Grant Institute of Earth Science, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains

Road, UK

A.F.M. KISTERS

Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X 01,

Matieland 7602, South Africa ([email protected])

T. KOMIYA

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo

152-8551, Japan

A. KRÖNER

Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany ([email protected])

J. LAROCQUE

School of Earth and Oceanic Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada,

V8W 3P6

D.Y. LIU

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Beijing SHRIMP Cen￾tre, Beijing 100037, China

x Contributing Authors

D.R. LOWE

Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA

([email protected])

C.P. MARSHALL

Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

([email protected])

S. MARUYAMA

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo

152-8551, Japan

C. MAURICE

Bureau de l’exploration géologique du Québec, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 400 boul.

Lamaque, Val d’Or, QC, Canada, J9P 3L4

T.P. MERNAGH

Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

F.M. MEYERS

Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstrasse 2, 52062 Aachen,

Germany

S.J. MOJZSIS

Department of Geological Sciences, Center for Astrobiology, University of Colorado, 2200 Colorado Avenue,

Boulder, CO 80309-0399, USA ([email protected])

P. MORANT

Anglogold Ashanti, Level 13, St. Martin’s Tower, 44 St. George’s Terrace, Perth, Western Australia 6000,

Australia

J.-F. MOYEN

Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X 01,

Matieland 7602, South Africa ([email protected])

P.A. MUELLER

Department of Geological Sciences, Box 112120, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

([email protected])

A.P. NUTMAN

Beijing SHRIMP Centre, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26, Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037,

China ([email protected])

J. O’NEIL

Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University and GÉOTOP-UQÀM-McGill, 3450 University St. Montreal,

QC, Canada, H3A 2A7 ([email protected])

S.Y. O’REILLY

Key Centre for the Geochemical Evolution and Metallogeny of Continents (GEMOC), Department of Earth

and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia

A. OTTO

Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstrasse 2, 52062 Aachen,

Germany ([email protected])

J.A. PERCIVAL

Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0E8 ([email protected])

Contributing Authors xi

F. PIRAJNO

Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia

([email protected])

M. POUJOL

Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes Cedex,

France ([email protected])

O.M. ROSEN

Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Pyzhevsky per. 7, Moscow, 019017, Russia

([email protected])

M.D. SCHMITZ

Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA ([email protected])

G.A. SHIELDS

Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität, Correnstr. 24, 48149 Münster,

Germany ([email protected])

R.H. SMITHIES

Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia

([email protected])

C. SPAGGIARI

Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia

([email protected])

G. STEVENS

Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X 01,

Matieland 7602, South Africa

R.K. STEVENSON

GÉOTOP-UQÀM-McGill and Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Atmosphère, Université du Québec

à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8

S.R. TAYLOR

Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

([email protected])

O.M. TURKINA

Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, United Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch

of RAS, UIGGM, Koptyug Avenue 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia ([email protected])

Y. UENO

Research Center for the Evolving Earth and Planet, Department of Environmental Science and Technology,

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan ([email protected])

M.J. VAN KRANENDONK

Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia

([email protected])

J.W. VALLEY

Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, 1215 W. Dayton, Madison, WI 53706, USA

([email protected])

xii Contributing Authors

Y.S. WAN

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Beijing SHRIMP Cen￾tre, Beijing 100037, China

M.J. WHITEHOUSE

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden ([email protected])

S.A. WILDE

Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, PO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia

6845, Australia ([email protected])

A.H. WILSON

School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, South Africa

([email protected])

B. WINDLEY

Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK ([email protected])

J.L. WOODEN

U.S. Geological Survey, Stanford – U.S. Geological Survey Ion Microprobe Facility, Stanford University,

Stanford, CA 94305-2220, USA ([email protected])

J.S. WU

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China

S. WYCHE

Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia

([email protected])

X.Y. YIN

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Beijing SHRIMP Cen￾tre, Beijing 100037, China

H.Y. ZHOU

Beijing SHRIMP Centre, Beijing 100037, China

xiii

CONTENTS

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. v

Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Preface: Aims, Scope, and Outline of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Martin J. Van Kranendonk, R. Hugh Smithies and Vickie Bennett

PART 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . ........................................ 1

Chapter 1.1. Overview and History of Investigation of Early Earth Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Brian Windley

Chapter 1.2. The Distribution of Paleoarchean Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Kent Condie

PART 2. PLANETARY ACCRETION AND THE HADEAN TO EOARCHEAN EARTH – BUILDING

THE FOUNDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 2.1. The Formation of the Earth and Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Stuart Ross Taylor

Chapter 2.2. Early Solar System Materials, Processes, and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Alex W.R. Bevan

Chapter 2.3. Dynamics of the Hadean and Archaean Mantle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Geoffrey F. Davies

Chapter 2.4. The Enigma of the Terrestrial Protocrust: Evidence for Its Former Existence and the

Importance of Its Complete Disappearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Balz S. Kamber

Chapter 2.5. The Oldest Terrestrial Mineral Record: A Review of 4400 to 4000 Ma Detrital Zircons from

Jack Hills, Western Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Aaron J. Cavosie, John W. Valley and Simon A. Wilde

Chapter 2.6. Evidence of Pre-3100 Ma Crust in the Youanmi and South West Terranes, and Eastern

Goldfields Superterrane, of the Yilgarn Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Stephen Wyche

PART 3. EOARCHEAN GNEISS COMPLEXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Chapter 3.1. The Early Archean Acasta Gneiss Complex: Geological, Geochronological and Isotopic

Studies and Implications for Early Crustal Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Tsuyoshi Iizuka, Tsuyoshi Komiya and Shigenori Maruyama

Chapter 3.2. Ancient Antarctica: The Archaean of the East Antarctic Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Simon L. Harley and Nigel M. Kelly

xiv Contents

Chapter 3.3. The Itsaq Gneiss Complex of Southern West Greenland and the Construction of Eoarchaean

Crust at Convergent Plate Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Allen P. Nutman, Clark R.L. Friend, Kenji Horie and Hiroshi Hidaka

Chapter 3.4. The Geology of the 3.8 Ga Nuvvuagittuq (Porpoise Cove) Greenstone Belt, Northeastern

Superior Province, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Jonathan O’Neil, Charles Maurice, Ross K. Stevenson, Jeff Larocque, Christophe Cloquet,

Jean David and Don Francis

Chapter 3.5. Eoarchean Rocks and Zircons in the North China Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Dunyi Y. Liu, Y.S. Wan, J.S. Wu, S.A. Wilde, H.Y. Zhou, C.Y. Dong and X.Y. Yin

Chapter 3.6. The Narryer Terrane, Western Australia: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Simon A. Wilde and Catherine Spaggiari

PART 4. THE PALEOARCHEAN PILBARA CRATON, WESTERN AUSTRALIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Chapter 4.1. Paleoarchean Development of a Continental Nucleus: the East Pilbara Terrane of the Pilbara

Craton, Western Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Martin J. Van Kranendonk, R. Hugh Smithies, Arthur H. Hickman and David C. Champion

Chapter 4.2. The Oldest Well-Preserved Felsic Volcanic Rocks on Earth: Geochemical Clues to the Early

Evolution of the Pilbara Supergroup and Implications for the Growth of a Paleoarchean

Protocontinent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

R. Hugh Smithies, David C. Champion and Martin J. Van Kranendonk

Chapter 4.3. Geochemistry of Paleoarchean Granites of the East Pilbara Terrane, Pilbara Craton, Western

Australia: Implications for Early Archean Crustal Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

David C. Champion and R. Hugh Smithies

Chapter 4.4. Paleoarchean Mineral Deposits of the Pilbara Craton: Genesis, Tectonic Environment and

Comparisons with Younger Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

David L. Huston, Peter Morant, Franco Pirajno, Brendan Cummins, Darcy Baker and

Terrence P. Mernagh

PART 5. THE PALEOARCHEAN KAAPVAAL CRATON, SOUTHERN AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Chapter 5.1. An Overview of the Pre-Mesoarchean Rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa . . . . . . 453

Marc Poujol

Chapter 5.2. The Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland and Environs: Record of Early Archean Crustal

Evolution in Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Alfred Kröner

Chapter 5.3. An Overview of the Geology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt and Vicinity: Implications for

Early Crustal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Donald R. Lowe and Gary R. Byerly

Chapter 5.4. Volcanology of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Inflation and Evolution of Flow

Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Jesse C. Dann and Timothy L. Grove

Chapter 5.5. Silicified Basalts, Bedded Cherts and Other Sea Floor Alteration Phenomena of the 3.4 Ga

Nondweni Greenstone Belt, South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Axel Hofmann and Allan H. Wilson