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pp. 33-43

Chapter 5

Ignition of dust clouds and dust deposits:

further consideration of some selected

aspects

5.1

WHAT IS IGNITION?

The word ‘ignition’ is only meaningful when applied to substances that are able to

propagate a self-sustained combustion or exothermal decomposition wave. Ignition may

then be defined as the process by which such propagation is initiated.

Ignition occurs when the heat generation rate in some volume of the substance exceeds

the rate of heat dissipation from the volume and continues to do so as the temperature

rises further. Eventually a temperature is reached at which diffusion of reactants controls

the rate of heat generation, and a characteristic stable state of combustion or decomposi￾tion is established.

The characteristic dimension of the volume within which ignitionho ignition is decided,

is of the order of the thickness of the front of a self-sustained flame though the mixture.

This is because self-sustained flame propagation can be regarded as a continuing ignition

wave exposing progressively new parts of the cloud to conditions where the heat

generation rate exceeds the rate of heat dissipation. A similar line of thought applies to

propagation of smouldering fires in powder deposits and layers, as discussed in Section

5.2.2.4.

In the ignition process the concepts of stability and instability play a key role. Thorne

(1985) gave an instructive simplified outline of some basic features of the instability theory

of ignition, which will be rendered in the following. In most situations diffusion, molecular

as well as convective, plays a decisive role in the ignition process. Systems that can ignite,

may be characterized by a dimensionless number D,, the Damkohler number, which is the

ratio of the rate of heat production within the system due to exothermic chemical

reactions, to the rate of heat loss from the system by conduction, convection and

radiation. Often D, is expressed as the ratio of two characteristic time constants, one for

the heat loss and one for the heat generation:

D, = TLITG (5.1)

The influence of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions is normally described by

the exponential Arrhenius law:

k = fexp(- EIRT) (5.2)

where k is the rate constant, f the pre-exponential factor or frequency factor, E the

activation energy, R the gas constant and T the absolute temperature.