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Drupal: The Guide to Planning and Building Websites
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DRUPAL®: THE GUIDE TO
PLANNING AND BUILDING WEBSITES
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
PART I PLANNING YOUR WEBSITE
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Drupal Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
CHAPTER 2 Managing Open Source Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
CHAPTER 3 Conducting a Needs Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
CHAPTER 4 Collecting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
CHAPTER 5 Creating a Design Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
PART II BUILDING AND SUSTAINING YOUR WEBSITE
CHAPTER 6 Planning Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
CHAPTER 7 Coordinating Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
CHAPTER 8 Sustaining the Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
PART III AN EXAMPLE SITE
CHAPTER 9 An Example Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
CHAPTER 10 Example Build Recipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
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Drupal®
THE GUIDE TO PLANNING AND BUILDING WEBSITES
Cindy McCourt
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Drupal®: The Guide to Planning and Building Websites
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2011 by Cindy McCourt
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-1-118-06686-7
ISBN: 978-1-118-14983-6 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-118-14982-9 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-118-14981-2 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization
through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201)
748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with
respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including
without limitation warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or
promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is
sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither
the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is
referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the
publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further,
readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this
work was written and when it is read.
For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the
United States at (877) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in
standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. For more information about Wiley products,
visit us at www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930294
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Wrox Programmer to Programmer, and related trade dress
are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affi liates, in the United States and other
countries, and may not be used without written permission. Drupal is a registered trademark of Dries Buytaert. All other
trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
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This book is dedicated to my family: to my husband, BJ,
who encourages me to continuously learn; to my dad, Joe,
who helped shape my understanding of the many aspects
of management and business ethics; to my mother,
Barbara, and brother, David, who are always there for
me; and, fi nally, to Codi, who made sure to remind me
when it was time for me to go for a walk.
— Cindy McCourt
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EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Carol Long
PROJECT EDITOR
John Sleeva
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Doug Vann
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Kathleen Wisor
COPY EDITOR
Paula Lowell
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
Robyn B. Siesky
EDITORIAL MANAGER
Mary Beth Wakefi eld
FREELANCER EDITORIAL MANAGER
Rosemarie Graham
MARKETING MANAGER
Ashley Zurcher
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Tim Tate
VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE GROUP
PUBLISHER
Richard Swadley
VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE
PUBLISHER
Barry Pruett
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Jim Minatel
PROJECT COORDINATOR, COVER
Katie Crocker
PROOFREADERS
Lynne Burke, Word One, New York
Paul Sagan, Word One, New York
INDEXER
Johnna VanHoose Dinse
COVER DESIGNER
Ryan Sneed
COVER IMAGE
© Martin Strmko / iStockPhoto
CREDITS
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
CINDY MCCOURT has been a freelance website planner and builder, instructional designer and
instructor, project manager, and facilitator, and has taken part in planning and building numerous
Drupal and non-Drupal websites and web-based systems over the past 14 years. In 2005, she built
her fi rst Drupal website using Drupal 4.6 and has been using Drupal on her website development
projects ever since.
Over the past 20 years, Cindy has been designing, developing, and delivering workshops and
courses on technology- and non-technology-based subjects for both corporate and higher education organizations. She has also written technical papers on many topics for governmental and
private-sector clients. Cindy maintains a close relationship with the Drupal community through
her blog (http://idcminnovations.com), by speaking at Drupal events, and by offering Drupal
training. She has been described by some in the Drupal community as a professional cat herder
(http://rocktreesky.com/professional-cat-herder-win).
Cindy started acquiring many of her skills in 1985, when she went to work for TRW. Her 12 years
at this worldwide contractor provided her with signifi cant insights into project management and
the many tasks associated with the lifecycle of a project. She was also an early TQM facilitator and
trainer, and has made process analyses, design, and improvement tools in her web development
toolbox.
Cindy built her fi rst website for George Mason University’s Graduate School of Education in 1997
and maintained the site until she graduated in 2000 with a Masters degree in Education. She went
to work for GMU in 1999 and continued to build her web development skills by developing several
more department websites, as well as by designing and coordinating the development of the online
Workshop and Events Management System (WEMS), which is still used today by GMU’s Division of
Instructional Technology. She has also taught Instructional Design, Project Management, and Web
Design for GMU’s Graduate School of Education, and provided technology workshops to GMU’s
faculty and staff.
Cindy’s extensive project list can be found at http://idcminnovations.com/projects/
listall-projects.
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ABOUT THE TECHNICAL EDITOR
DOUG VANN is an independent Drupal Developer and Trainer.
Doug entered Geekdom as a fi fth grader in 1983 with a Commodore 64 and a 300-baud connection
to CompuServe. Twenty-eight years later, he leads the Indiana Drupal Users Group and is a full-time
provider of Drupal Training and Drupal Development.
Doug believes in the power of Drupal to meet complex business needs in a rapid-deployment system.
Catch his blog at www.dougvann.com. Google “Drupal Song,” and you’re likely to fi nd a few videos
of Doug, jamming on the guitar, unabashedly proclaiming his passion for Drupal!
His love for learning and experimenting in Drupal is overshadowed only by his love for teaching
and evangelizing it. He has presented in Minneapolis, Toronto, Houston, Indianapolis, multiple
LinuxFests, DoItWithDrupal, and DrupalCamps in Dallas, Madison, Atlanta, Chicago, Orlando,
Nashville, Denver, Los Angeles, South Carolina, and DC. You can often fi nd Doug on the
FREENODE IRC Network in Drupal-support helping people get through the steep learning curve
of Drupal.
Doug, his wife of 14 years, and their four children reside in Indianapolis.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I WANT TO THANK BJ for being the most supportive husband one could ask for. Thank you for your
patience and understanding over the past six months as I worked to fi nish the book. Thank you for
taking care of all the things that would have been a signifi cant distraction to me. I love you.
I want to thank everyone at Wrox for giving me this opportunity. Thank you to John Kennedy, for
bringing my book to the attention of executive editor Carol Long; to Carol Long, for reaching out
to me and for convincing Wrox to give me a chance; to project editor John Sleeva, copy editor Paula
Lowell, and technical editor Doug Vann, for all your efforts editing the chapters and for helping me
improve my writing and the book’s content — your energy and enthusiasm were incredible; and to all
the people in the graphics department, for your work on all the fi gures.
I also want to thank all my friends and colleagues who have been supportive throughout the writing
process — for listening, answering questions, and being helpful. Special thanks go to Carla Briceno, for
your positive thinking and feedback; to Konstantinos Ordoulidis and Evangelia Ordoulidou, for making your theme comps available for use in the book; and to Emma Jane Hogbin, for encouraging me to
write the book in the fi rst place.
Last but not least, thank you to Dries and the Drupal community for making Drupal possible and
sharing your expertise. I have learned so much from you over the past fi ve years — from your modules,
themes, tutorials, and books. Thanks for providing help to me and to all those who reach out for assistance. You are so generous.
— Cindy McCourt
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD xix
INTRODUCTION xxi
PART I: PLANNING YOUR WEBSITE
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO DRUPAL PLANNING 3
Exploring Drupal 3
Drupal Components 4
From Data to Site Structure 7
Drupal Terms 8
Going Beyond HTML Sites 9
A Website’s Lifecycle 11
Where Does Planning Fit In? 12
Summary 13
CHAPTER 2: MANAGING OPEN SOURCE PROJECTS 15
Development Methodologies 15
Waterfall Methodology 16
Agile Methodologies 18
RAD Methodology 21
Spiral Methodology 22
Phased Methodology 24
Managing Integration 26
Module Integration 27
Systems Integration 27
Determining Scope 28
Avoiding Product Scope Creep 28
Avoiding Project and Operational Scope Creep 29
Budgeting for Costs 29
Software 29
Hardware 30
Labor 30
Materials 31
Support 31
Training 32
Marketing 32
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xii
CONTENTS
Setting a Schedule 32
Eff ects of a Development Methodology 32
Ensuring Module Availability 32
Considering Other Schedule Challenges 34
Managing Resources 34
Content 34
People and Roles 36
Ensuring Quality 39
Satisfying Requirements 39
Meeting Standards 40
Using Best Practices 40
Communicating with the Community 41
Assessing Risks 42
Getting Site Support 42
Application Redesign 42
Open Source Application Cancellation 43
Ensuring Site Security 43
Missing Delivery Dates 44
Not Meeting Site Requirements 44
Working with Vendors 44
Identifying Future Maintenance Costs 45
Facilitating Procurement 46
What Gets Procured? 46
Procurement Challenges 46
Summary 47
CHAPTER 3: CONDUCTING A NEEDS ANALYSIS 49
Identifying Your Site’s Purpose 49
Marketing Brochure Sites 50
E-Commerce Sites 51
Learning Management Sites 51
Collaborative Community Sites 52
Media Sites 53
Information Dissemination Sites 54
Business Management Sites 55
Online Applications 55
Multipurpose Sites 56
Doing It All with Drupal 57
Considering Site Alternatives 58
Conducting a Competitor Analysis 59
Summary 59
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xiii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4: COLLECTING REQUIREMENTS 61
Where Are the Wireframes? 62
Why Do Requirements Matter? 62
How Much Detail Is Needed? 63
Purpose 64
Simple Use Cases 64
Specifi cations 64
Confi guration 65
Where to Start? 65
Audience Analysis First 66
Content Analysis First 66
Design First 67
Reality 67
Audience Analysis 68
Audience Segments 68
Personas 71
Process Analysis 74
Types of Processes 74
Life’s Processes 74
Business Processes 76
Pre- and Post-Launch Processes 79
Task Analysis 82
Organizing Your Tasks 82
From Task to Use Case 84
Documenting Use Cases 84
Content Analysis 91
Making Content Decisions 91
Identifying Types of Content 92
Assigning Purpose to Content 94
Determining User-Content Relationships 95
Identifying Content Data 96
Identifying Content Sources 104
Reusing Content Data 110
Categorizing Content 114
Identifying Categories and Terms 118
Establishing Content Relationships 120
Determining the Need for Metadata 122
Accommodating Multiple Languages 125
Controlling Access to Content 126
Collecting Content about Users 130
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