Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings

Debra A. Harley · Noel A. Ysasi

Malachy L. Bishop · Allison R. Fleming Editors

Disability and

Vocational

Rehabilitation in

Rural Settings

Challenges to Service Delivery

Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation

in Rural Settings

Debra A. Harley • Noel A. Ysasi

Malachy L. Bishop • Allison R. Fleming

Editors

Disability and Vocational

Rehabilitation in Rural

Settings

Challenges to Service Delivery

ISBN 978-3-319-64785-2 ISBN 978-3-319-64786-9 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955366

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or

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Editors

Debra A. Harley

Department of Early Childhood, Special

Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling

University of Kentucky

Lexington, KY, USA

Malachy L. Bishop

Department of Early Childhood, Special

Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling

University of Kentucky

Lexington, KY, USA

Noel A. Ysasi

College of Health and Human Services

Rehabilitation Services and

Rehabilitation Counseling

Northern Illinois University

DeKalb, IL, USA

Allison R. Fleming

Pennsylvania State University

Rehabilitation and Human Services

University Park, PA, USA

v

Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings is an exceptionally

timely, unique, and comprehensive body of work that was created to ultimately

help persons with disabilities and their family members living in underserved

and rural geographic areas of the United States as well as internationally. This

text brings renewed interest to the complex interplay of the unique cultural

differences that challenge persons with disabilities who are disadvantaged on

so many different levels politically and economically, especially in mental and

physical healthcare, accessibility to services, and government entitlement pro￾grams that assist individuals and families transitioning in and out of poverty.

Counselor educators and researchers, preprofessional rehabilitation counselors,

and others in the related counseling professions will easily recognize this mate￾rial as a highly respected body of work. Clearly, this text has been handcrafted

by a group of expert authors that have a unique point of view to offer the

rehabilitation counseling and related counseling professions.

Indeed, this text brings new meaning to older constructs such as the “war

on poverty” and “health disparities.” This authoritative source enhances the

renewed interest in the complex interplay of issues related to poverty and how

this cycle involves multiple dimensions such as social, cultural, familial, and

economic. Today, the consequence and impact of poverty on vulnerable

populations is far-reaching and multidimensional. Poverty in rural America

transcends individuals’ mental and physical health conditions, educational

and career opportunities, financial stability, and many other life areas which

impacts everyone.

One of the unique aspects this comprehensive body of work offers is the

careful attention given to the widespread problem of poverty in vulnerable

populations, within different cultural groups in the United States as well as

internationally. Moreover, this work extends beyond a “statement of the

problem” approach. It offers guidelines and solutions for increasing coping

and resiliency skills, capacity building, and educational training approaches

that have shown to positively impact rural communities and groups of indi￾viduals with disabilities.

The effects of poverty are most harmful to those most vulnerable which

overpoweringly include children, older adults, and people with disabilities.

The condition of poverty is particularly worrisome for persons with disabili￾ties where almost 22% live in poverty, compared to 13% of those without

disabilities. Persons with chronic and persistent health conditions require

greater financial support and access to healthcare than those without such

Foreword

vi

financial constraints or healthcare issues. This body of work makes it clear

that the implication for living in poverty, particularly in rural and underserved

areas geographically, is that one is at risk in so many different life areas.

Overall, the devastating consequences of poverty itself may be reflected in

poverty of the mind, body, and spirit.

Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural Settings is extraordinary

because it offers much more than a review of the literature and discussion of

issues related to poverty and social justice. Such limited constructs do not

translate well into our twenty-first-century political and economic environ￾ments. Thus, readers will find that the material is comprehensive in nature,

practical, and particularly functional for counselor educators, researchers,

practitioners, as well as preprofessional counselors in the helping profes￾sions. It offers a very close, up-front, personal, and experiential account of

the problems and solutions for rehabilitation counselors and other related

helping professions providing services to persons with disabilities in rural

settings. The expert authors who embody this work understand the critical

mass that impacts persons in poverty from the medical, physical, vocational,

psychosocial, emotional, spiritual, and cultural perspective.

One of the most valuable lessons offered in Disability and Vocational

Rehabilitation in Rural Settings highlights the delicate balance of providing

services that are both culturally sensitive and culturally appropriate yet can be

offered within the boundaries of certain governmental programs and policies

that determine eligibility and assistance. The chapters in this unique work

provide an in-depth discussion that can be used as a primary resource to educate,

inform, and advocate reality-based, solution-focused, and culturally relevant

approaches rooted in cultural empathy.

I started my own career at a community-based rehabilitation center

(sheltered workshop) around 1979 in Murphysboro, IL, a small rural town in

Southern Illinois close to the border of Kentucky and Missouri. Besides doing

work adjustment training, job placement activities, and job coaching with

these clients, I also drove the bus to pick them up for work in the morning and

drop them off at the end of the day. I really got to know their family members

and the psychosocial challenges of individuals with mental and physical

disabilities living in rural America. This was my introduction to working with

people who had a variety of medical, physical, developmental, neurocognitive,

psychiatric, and chronic health conditions that were disabling. I remembered

this as a very rewarding opportunity that helped launch my career, which has

spanned over 30 years. Metaphorically, driving the “short bus” placed me in

the position of leadership, guiding people to find their way through work,

education, and career opportunities and then independent or support living

arrangements. I have learned some valuable lessons living and working in

this small rural community because it reflected the content in this volume.

This work provides a valuable resource to the reader that reflects my own

experiences working with “salt-of-the-earth” people who have come from

humble beginnings.

Overall, I found Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural

Settings to be well written, organized in a clear and concise manner, and

presented in a well-informed and balanced way. This is a valuable resource

Foreword

vii

for counselor educators, researchers, and preprofessional counselors alike.

It is an authoritative resource for practitioners who care about serving persons

with disabilities and others vulnerable to the conditions and experiences

of poverty.

Professor and Coordinator of the Military Mark A. Stebnicki

and Trauma Counseling Program,

Department of Addictions and Counseling

College of Allied Health Sciences

East Carolina University

Greenville, NC, USA

Foreword

ix

As editors of this book, Noel, Malachy, Allison, and I have over 45 years

of combined experience in education, research, and service delivery in reha￾bilitation, disability, social justice, and social services. As faculty members

in rehabilitation counseling education programs, we were looking for a book

on rural rehabilitation and discovered a 1999 edition as the most current.

The United States and other countries are nations of primarily rural landmass;

therefore, understanding the challenges of rural residents with disabilities in

these regions is important in service delivery, education and training, research,

and funding and policy development. In addition to areas in which the terms

rural, frontier, territory, and remote regions are identified specifically in

chapters, throughout this book, the term rural is used as an umbrella term that

is inclusive of all others. Our goal for this book is to discuss both challenges

and strengths of rural life. We acknowledge the diversity and complexity of

rural regions, but they share some common characteristics.

Our 38 chapters cover the following topics pertaining to disabilities in rural

communities: economic development; poverty; transportation, accessibility,

and accommodation; technology; healthcare; ethical practice and dual rela￾tionships; resilience and strengths; military personnel; marginalized racial and

ethnic adults and cultural competence and social justice; adolescents and tran￾sition students; offender populations; American Indians; agricultural, farm,

and immigrant workers; sensory impairments; international perspectives from

Africa, Asia-Pacific region, Australasia, Canada, Mexico, India, Turkey,

Colombia, and the United Kingdom; multiple sclerosis; substance-related and

addictive disorders; Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act; impact of the

Americans with Disabilities Act; forensic vocational rehabilitation; climate

and weather; developing personnel through online learning; recruiting and

retaining rehabilitation counselors in rural communities; capacity building and

collaboration; volunteers and paraprofessionals; and research and evidence￾based practices. Our comprehensive text recognizes the challenges faced by

vocational rehabilitation, like other human service providers in rural commu￾nities, which are well documented.

Our text provides a perspective to rethink the delivery of vocational

rehabilitation services in rural areas. A unique feature is that authors of

individual chapters represent an array of diverse backgrounds and expertise,

including doctoral students in rehabilitation counseling. The inclusion of an

international perspective adds to the understanding of globalization of disabilities

in rural areas.

Preface

x

We do not present this text as inclusive of all aspects that impact rural

communities, but rather, we hope that it will be an important contribution to

the existing literature as well as a response to the contextualization of rural

rehabilitation service, practice, policy, and research. Our desire is for this text

to serve as a practical and reliable resource for those studying and teaching

and for those involved in vocational rehabilitation and other human and social

service delivery. Similarly, policy and decision-makers, advocates, commu￾nity leaders, families, and persons with disabilities themselves may benefit

from this text.

Lexington, KY, USA Debra A. Harley

DeKalb, IL, USA Noel A. Ysasi

Lexington, KY, USA Malachy L. Bishop

University Park, PA, USA Allison R. Fleming

Preface

xi

Part I Community Characteristics and Issues in Rural, Frontier,

and Territory Communities

1 Entrepreneurship and Economic Development

in Rural America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Ronald J. Hustedde

2 Disability, Income, and Rural Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

William A. Erickson, Sara VanLooy, Sarah von Schrader,

and Susanne M. Bruyère

3 Transportation, Accessibility, and Accommodation

in Rural Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Bradley W. McDaniels, Debra A. Harley, and David T. Beach

4 The Role of Technology in Service Delivery for People

with Disabilities in Rural Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Stacie L. Robertson

5 Health-Care Initiatives, Strategies, and Challenges

for People with Disabilities in Rural, Frontier,

and Territory Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Erma J. Lawson

6 Ethical Vocational Rehabilitation Practice and Dual

Relationships in Rural Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Melissa Manninen Luse

7 Resilience and Strengths of Rural Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Allison R. Fleming, Noel A. Ysasi, Debra A. Harley,

and Malachy L. Bishop

Part II Select Populations with Disabilities in Rural Settings

8 Challenges Faced by Veterans Residing in Rural

Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Noel A. Ysasi and Bradley W. McDaniels

Contents

xii

9 Marginalized Racial and Ethnic Adults with Disabilities

in Rural Communities: The Role of Cultural Competence

and Social Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Debra A. Harley and Brenda Cartwright

10 Adolescents and Transition Students with Disabilities

in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Lisa Dunkley, Maram Alfulayyih, Lebogang Tiro,

Byung Jin Kim, and Debra A. Harley

11 Women, Older Adult, and LGBTQ Populations

with Disabilities in Rural, Frontier, and Territory

Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Debra A. Harley and Pamela B. Teaster

12 Offender Populations with Disabilities in Rural Settings . . . . . 215

Debra A. Harley and Lisa Dunkley

13 American Indians and Alaska Natives with Disabilities

in Rural, Tribal Lands, Frontier Regions, and Plain States . . . 239

Debra A. Harley

14 Agricultural, Farm, and Immigrant Workers with Disabilities . . 269

Glacia Ethridge, David Staten, Kayla D. Goodman,

and Delia R. Kpenosen

15 Sensory Impairments Among Rural Populations in America . . . . 281

Bradley W. McDaniels, Byung Jin Kim, and Debra A. Harley

Part III International Vocational Rehabilitation Practice,

Employment, and Policy for Rural Development

for People with Disabilities

16 Rehabilitation Practice, Employment, and Policy for Rural

Development for People with Disabilities in West Africa . . . . . . . 297

Veronica I. Umeasiegbu, Abdoulaye Diallo,

and Bryan O. Gere

17 The Asia and Pacific Region: Rural-Urban Impact

on Disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Daniel W. Wong and Lucy Wong Hernandez

18 Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural

and Remote Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Elias Mpofu, James Athanasou, Ashley Craig,

and Shane Heasley

19 Rural Development, Employment, Chronic Health,

and Economic Conditions in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Noel A. Ysasi, Irmo Marini, and Debra A. Harley

20 People with Disabilities and Mental Health Disorders

in Mexico: Rights and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Debra A. Harley

Contents

xiii

21 System of Service Delivery for People with Disabilities

in India and Impact in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Amy D. Spriggs, Elizabeth Siereveld, Molly Baldridge,

Kaylee Ortiz, and Thomas Young

22 Rehabilitation Services in Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Deniz Aydemir-Döke and Elif Emir-Öksüz

23 Rehabilitation Services in Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Fabricio E. Balcazar, Marisol Moreno Angarita, Daniel

Balcazar, and Eliana Isabel Bedoya Durán

24 Disability Policies and Practices in the Rural

United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Debra A. Harley, Allison R. Fleming, Sherri L. Greer,

and Patricia Mundt

Part IV Rural Vocational Rehabilitation Practice and Service

Delivery

25 Challenges After Natural Disaster for Rural Residents

with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Debra A. Harley, Lebogang Tiro, and Maram Alfulayyih

26 Meeting the Needs of Rural Adults with Mental Illness

and Dual Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Debra A. Harley

27 Multiple Sclerosis Among Rural Residents: Treatment,

Psychosocial Implications, and Vocational Implications . . . . . . 505

Michael Frain, Bradley W. McDaniels,

and Malachy L. Bishop

28 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder Treatment

in Rural, Frontier, and Territory Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

Debra A. Harley and Byung Jin Kim

29 Marketing Vocational Rehabilitation Services in Rural

Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Noel A. Ysasi, Lebogang Tiro, Matthew E. Sprong, and

Byung Jin Kim

30 Implications of Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act

(WIOA) in Rural, Frontier, and Territory Communities . . . . . 553

Allison R. Fleming and Noel A. Ysasi

31 Americans with Disabilities Act in Rural America:

A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

David T. Beach and Kristin L. Maxwell

32 Rural Forensic Vocational Rehabilitation Practice: Challenges

and Opportunities for Rehabilitation Professionals . . . . . . . . . 593

Ralph M. Crystal and Christopher Rymond

Contents

xiv

33 Climate and Weather in the United States and Its Impact

on People with Disabilities in Rural Communities . . . . . . . . . . 615

Noel A. Ysasi, Irmo Marini, and Debra A. Harley

Part V Education, Training, Networking, and Research

on Vocational Rehabilitation in Rural, Frontier,

and Territory Communities

34 Developing the Personnel to Meet the Needs of Persons

with Disabilities in Rural Settings Through Online Learning . . . . 631

Jackie Rogers

35 Human Resources Issues: Recruiting and Retaining

Rehabilitation Counselors and Human Service Professionals

in Rural, Frontier, and Territory Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

Allison R. Fleming

36 Capacity Building in Rural Communities Through

Community-Based Collaborative Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

Kathy Sheppard-Jones, Elizabeth Hunter, and Walter Bower

37 Utilizing Indigenous Volunteers and Paraprofessionals

for Disability Advocacy and Service in Rural America . . . . . . . 677

Benson Kinyanjui and Debra A. Harley

38 Research and Evidence-Based Practices of Vocational

Rehabilitation in Rural, Frontier, and Territory

Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Allison R. Fleming, Bradley W. McDaniels, Malachy L. Bishop,

and Debra A. Harley

Erratum to: Disability and Vocational

Rehabilitation in Rural Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

The original version of this book was revised. An erratum to this book can be found at

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64786-9_39

Contents

xv

About the Editors

Debra A. Harley, PhD, CRC, LPC is a professor in the Clinical

Rehabilitation Counseling in Mental Health Program and co-coordinator of

the Rehabilitation Counseling Education, Research, and Policy Doctoral

Program at the University of Kentucky. She received her PhD from Southern

Illinois University at Carbondale. Dr. Harley has over 23 years of experience

in teaching and research. Dr. Harley holds the distinction of Provost’s

Distinguished Service Professor. She has published over 85 journal articles

and 47 book chapters. Dr. Harley is past editor of the Journal of Applied

Rehabilitation Counseling and the Journal of Rehabilitation Administration

and guest editor of numerous special issues of rehabilitation journals. She is

coeditor of several books including Contemporary Mental Health Issues

Among African Americans and the Handbook of LGBT Elders: An

Interdisciplinary Approach to Principles, Practices, and Policies. Dr. Harley

is a faculty affiliate with the Department of Gender and Women’s Studies, the

Center on Research on Violence Against Women, and the Human Development

Institute at the University of Kentucky. She is the recipient of the 2006

National Council on Rehabilitation Education Educator of the Year Award

and a National Rehabilitation Association Switzer Scholar.

Noel A.Ysasi, PhD, CRC is an assistant professor in the Rehabilitation Services

and Rehabilitation Counseling Program at Northern Illinois University. He

acquired his PhD from the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Dr. Ysasi’s

professional work experience involves 10 years of teaching in higher education,

forensic rehabilitation, working with the veteran population, and has authored

and co-authored multiple refereed journal publications and book chapters.

Dr. Ysasi has been the recipient of multiple awards, including a Lifetime

Achievement Award by the US Department of Veteran Affairs, the 2015 Doctoral

Dissertation of the Year by the Foundation of Life Care Planning, and the 2015

National Doctoral Student Awards by the National Council on Rehabilitation

Education, and the American Rehabilitation Counseling Association.

Malachy L. Bishop, PhD, CRC is a professor in the Clinical Rehabilitation

Counseling in Mental Health Program at the University of Kentucky. He

received his PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Dr. Bishop is

Editors and Contributors

xvi

the coordinator of the Rehabilitation Counseling Education, Research, and

Policy Doctoral Program. He also serves as director of research and develop￾ment for the Human Development Institute at the University of Kentucky,

Kentucky’s University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities

Education, Research and Service. Dr. Bishop’s clinical background includes

rehabilitation counseling, rehabilitation psychology and neuropsychology in

physical medicine and rehabilitation and other healthcare settings, and voca￾tional assessment. Dr. Bishop has authored over 100 journal articles and book

chapters and two books in healthcare and rehabilitation counseling. He con￾ducts research on psychosocial and employment-related aspects of chronic

neurological conditions, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and brain

injury, quality of life and adaptation to disability, self-management, and

developmental disabilities. Dr. Bishop is a five-time recipient of the American

Rehabilitation Counseling Association’s Research Award and the 2015 recip￾ient of the National Council on Rehabilitation Education Researcher of the

Year Award.

Allison R. Fleming, PhD, CRC is an assistant professor in the Rehabilitation

and Human Services Program at Pennsylvania State University. She received

her PhD from Michigan State University. Dr. Fleming’s professional experi￾ence includes work as a vocational rehabilitation counselor, a staff trainer for

RCEP, and a faculty in rehabilitation counseling at the University of Kentucky.

Her research interests include the application of the International Classification

of Functioning, Disability and Health to the conceptualization of quality of

life among individuals with disability, professional identity in rehabilitation

counseling, and post-secondary and employment outcomes for young adults

with disabilities.

Contributors

Maram Alfulayyih is a doctoral student in Rehabilitation Counseling

Education, Research, and Policy Doctoral Program at the University of

Kentucky. She received her master’s degree in special education from the

University of Texas at San Antonio. Her research interests include, but are not

limited to, rehabilitation psychology and rehabilitation counseling of individuals

with disabilities.

Marisol Moreno Angarita, PhD is a professor at the National University in

Bogotá, Colombia. She is a cofounder of the Master’s Program in Disability

and Social Inclusion and the Institute for Human Development, Disabilities

and Diversity. Dr. Moreno takes a social justice perspective, and her work

emphasizes health, educational, and labor services for people with disabilities.

She has authored many publications, research studies, and toolkits on topics

like early detection of children with delays/disabilities, inclusive education,

rehabilitation, and universal design for inclusion.

Editors and Contributors